滦平盆地西瓜园组中段厚层砾岩沉积特征及成因机制研究:来自滦页1井全井段连续取心的证据

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.37

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨陆相断陷盆地厚层砾岩的沉积特征、成因机制和控制因素,寻找有利勘探目标,以滦平盆地西瓜园组中段厚层砾岩为研究对象,运用沉积学理论,结合测井、录井、岩心、薄片和测试结果,对厚层砾岩的岩相及岩相组合、沉积构造和电性进行分析。研究表明,西瓜园组中段厚层砾岩具有被黑色页岩包裹的特征,即顶、底部与黑色页岩突变接触。岩心中大量的黄铁矿和部分敏感元素指标反映了缺氧的强还原环境,表明其为深水环境中的砾岩体。基于不同成因,共识别出滑动、滑塌2种重力流类型。滑动沉积主要包括6种岩相、5种岩相组合,以主滑动面、次滑动面、高角度层理,以及层内小型正断层和逆断层为主要识别标志;滑塌沉积包括6种岩相、4种岩相组合,以滑动面、滑塌变形构造、包卷层理、泄水构造、变形砾以及部分原生层理(粒序层理)为主要识别标志。根据滑动面的发育位置、自然伽马曲线和声波曲线的幅度变化特征,可以划分出4期滑动沉积。西瓜园组时期滦平盆地的边缘坡折带、物源供给和一定的触发机制共同控制深水滑动、滑塌型重力流的形成,结合控制因素和沉积特征建立陆相断陷湖盆陡坡带滑动-滑塌型重力流的发育模式。

关键词: 滑动和滑塌, 沉积特征, 成因机制, 西瓜园组, 滦平盆地

Abstract:

In order to investigate the sedimentary characteristics, genetic mechanism and controlling factors of thick conglomerate in continental rift basins, and to find favorable exploration target, the thick conglomerate in the middle section of the Xiguayuanzu Formation, Luanping Basin, is taken as the research object. According to theory of sedimentation, combined with logging, core, thin sections and test data, the lithofacies, lithofacies assemblage, sedimentary structure, electrical property and magnetic susceptibility of the thick conglomerate were analyzed. The thick conglomerate appears to be wrapped by black shale, where, due to sudden deformation, contacts with black shale are made at the top and bottom of the conglomerate; whilst the occurrences of abundant pyrite and some sensitive elements in the core reflect a strong reductive environment under hypoxia, indicating the conglomerate is in a deep water environment. Based on the genetic differences, two types of gravity flow-slide and slump-were identified. The sliding deposition includes 6 lithofacies and 4 lithofacies assemblages, whose main identification marks are the main and secondary sliding surfaces, high angle bedding, small positive fault and reverse fault in the layer. The slumping deposition also includes 6 lithofacies and 4 lithofacies assemblages and the main identification marks include the sliding surface, collapse deformation structure, convolute bedding, water escape structure, deformed gravel and partial primary bedding (graded bedding). The sliding deposition process is further divided into four stages according to the development position of the sliding surface, the amplitude variation characteristics of the gamma-ray curve and the acoustic wave curve. In the period of the Xiguayuan Formation, the slope fold zone on the edge of the basin, the supply of material source and certain trigger mechanism in the basin jointly control the formation of the deep water slide-slump gravity flow. Combining this control mechanism with the results of lithofacies analysis, the development mode of slide-slump gravity flow in the lacustrine steep slope zone of continental rift basin could be established.

Key words: slide and slump, sedimentary characteristics, genetic mechanism, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

中图分类号:

王成, 姜在兴, 孔祥鑫, 张元福, 张建国, 袁晓冬, 刘晓宁. 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段厚层砾岩沉积特征及成因机制研究:来自滦页1井全井段连续取心的证据[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(3): 340-355.

WANG Cheng, JIANG Zaixing, KONG Xiangxin, ZHANG Yuanfu, ZHANG Jianguo, YUAN Xiaodong, LIU Xiaoning. Sedimentary characteristics and genesis of thick conglomerate in the middle section of Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin: Insight from a consecutive coring study of well LY1[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(3): 340-355.

图/表 12

图1 滦平盆地区域地质图

Fig.1 Geological sketch map of the Luanping Basin

图2 滦平盆地西瓜园组构造-沉积柱状图

Fig.2 Structural-sedimentary columnar section of the Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

表1 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段岩相类型及其特征

Table 1 Characteristics of lithofacies of the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图3 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段岩相类型 a—颗粒支撑砾岩相,LY1井654.65 m;b—杂基支撑砾岩相,LY1井575.17 m;c—含砾粗砂岩相,LY1井659.48 m;d—粗砂岩相,LY1井660.35 m;e—变形层理砂岩相,LY1井701.77 m;f—粒序层理砂岩相,LY1井701.06 m;g—变形层理含砾泥岩相,LY1井702.29 m;h—变形层理泥岩相,LY1井703.08 m;i—块状层理泥岩相,LY1井702.04 m;j—块状层理含砾凝灰岩相,LY1井682.33 m;k—块状层理纯凝灰岩相,LY1井683.62 m。

Fig.3 Lithofacies of the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图4 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段沉积构造 a—块状层理,杂色颗粒支撑砾岩,LY1井650.48 m;b—高角度斜层理,红色含砾粗砂岩,LY1井647.84 m;c—块状层理,红色粗砂岩,LY1井660.45 m;d—火焰状构造,灰黑色泥岩,泥质砂岩挤入到上覆浅灰色含砾砂岩当中呈现火焰状,LY1井701.11 m;e—正粒序层理,灰色粉-细砂岩,LY1井700.96 m;f—褶皱变形构造,灰黑色含砾泥岩,LY1井703.48 m;g—包卷层理,灰黑色泥岩夹少量粉砂岩,整体发生包卷,LY1井703.26 m; h—泄水构造,深水色泥岩中可见向下侵入的泄水通道,LY1井703.97 m;i—滑塌褶皱变形构造,灰黑色泥岩夹薄层灰色粉砂岩,LY1井701.42 m;j—块状层理,灰黑色含砾砂质泥岩,LY1井701.98 m。

Fig.4 Sedimentary structures of middle section of Xiguayuan Formation in Luanping Basin

图5 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段岩相组合类型 Cmg—颗粒支撑砾岩相;Mmg—杂基支撑砾岩相;Csg—含砾粗砂岩相;Cs—粗砂岩相;Sd—变形层理砂岩相;Sg—粒序层理砂岩相;Mgd—变形层理含砾泥岩相;Md—变形层理泥岩相;Mm—块状层理泥岩相;Tgm—块状层理含砾凝灰岩相;Tm—块状层理纯凝灰岩相。

Fig.5 Lithofacies combination types in the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图6 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段滑动沉积特征 a—灰白色杂基支撑砾岩与灰绿色凝灰岩呈突变接触,为主滑动面,见凝灰质注入体,LY1井699.86 m;b—滑动沉积,在红色粗砂岩中见滑动面,LY1井676.55 m;c—杂色砾岩中夹薄层的红色粗砂岩,为次滑动面,层面见擦痕,LY1井516.45 m;d—红色含砾粗砂岩保留了原始沉积特征,局部受到挤压产生准同生的小型逆向错断,LY1井661.91 m;e—以红色含砾粗砂岩为主,地层倾角较大,且保留原始地层的大部分特征,LY1井658.22 m;f—杂色颗粒支撑砾岩,大粒度砾石长轴方向呈高角度排列,反映地层倾角较大,LY1井556.66 m;g—杂色颗粒支撑砾岩中发育大量高角度裂缝,被方解石充填,LY1井530.49 m。

Fig.6 Characteristics of sediment slide in the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图7 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段滑塌沉积特征 a—在灰黑色泥岩滑塌变形层段,其顶、底部见擦痕,LY1井701.42 m;b—顶、底部见变形的砂岩条带,同时富泥地层形成“泥包砂”,软泥形成包卷,砂纸团块原生层理被改造,LY1井703.48 m;c—砂质泥岩地层中见砂质注入体和泥质撕裂块,且泥质撕裂块内部见原生层理,LY1井702.63 m;d—砂质泥岩中见砂质透镜体,泥质褶皱,在富砂层段见砂包泥,泥质沉积中原生层理构造完全被破坏,LY1井702.39 m;e—砂质滑塌变形,LY1井703.08 m;f—富泥地层中形成的包卷层理,中间砂层与周围泥岩沉积变形一致,含有少量漂浮砾,LY1井702.71 m;g—滑塌沉积顶、底与泥质沉积呈突变接触,砂岩呈脉状充填,较多火山岩角砾漂浮在砂、泥沉积物中,LY1井703.38 m;h—滑塌沉积上部与上覆泥质沉积突变接触,在泥质沉积中见旋转拉长砾石,LY1井702.14 m;i—滑塌沉积中砾石发生破碎,上部见滑塌剪切面,LY1井700.1 m。

Fig.7 Characteristics of sediment slump in the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图8 滑动沉积期次划分及识别标志 a—滑动沉积;b—滑塌沉积。

Fig.8 Stages and identification mark of sediment slide

图9 滑动、滑塌沉积触发机制证据 a—阶梯状正断层,LY1井705.37 m;b—凝灰岩,LY1井697.35 m。

Fig.9 Evidence of the trigger mechanism of sediment slide and slump

图10 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段滑动、滑塌沉积模式图(a)及沉积演化图(b)

Fig.10 Model (a) and evolution (b) of sediment slide and slump in the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

图11 滦平盆地西瓜园组中段砾岩微观特征 a—粒间孔,砾岩颗粒之间被杂基和细粒物质充填,见粒间孔,单偏光,LY1井534.93 m;b—粒间孔,砾岩,颗粒支撑,见粒间孔,单偏光,LY1井657.04 m。

Fig.11 Microstructural characteristics of the conglomerate in the middle section, Xiguayuan Formation, Luanping Basin

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