西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.33

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (1): 285-302.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.33

所属专题：印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及其远程效应

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西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化

唐宇¹(), 王根厚¹^,^*(), 冯翼鹏¹, 次旦², 李典³, 范正哲¹, 高曦⁴, 韦宇飞¹, 胡继信¹, 张培烈¹

1.中国地质大学(北京) 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
2.西藏自治区地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队, 西藏拉萨 851400
3.成都理工大学地球科学学院, 四川成都 610059
4.中国地质图书馆, 北京 100083

收稿日期:2021-05-06 修回日期:2021-07-20 出版日期:2022-01-25 发布日期:2022-02-22
通信作者: 王根厚
作者简介:唐宇(1990—),男,博士研究生,主要从事构造地质学研究。E-mail: 382030483@qq.com
基金资助:
中国地质调查局南羌塘中生代盆地区域地质专项调查项目(1212011221115);中国地质调查局藏西北铜多金属资源基地综合调查评价项目(D20190167)

Tectonostratigraphic properties and evolution of the Yeba volcanic arc in South Gangdese, Tibet

TANG Yu¹(), WANG Genhou¹^,^*(), FENG Yipeng¹, CI Dan², LI Dian³, FAN Zhengzhe¹, GAO Xi⁴, WEI Yufei¹, HU Jixin¹, ZHANG Peilie¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. The Sixth Geological Brigade, Geological and Mineral Exploration and Development Institute of the Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa 851400, China
3. College of Earth Sciences, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
4. China Geological Library, Beijing 100083, China

Received:2021-05-06 Revised:2021-07-20 Online:2022-01-25 Published:2022-02-22
Contact: WANG Genhou

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南冈底斯岩浆岩带出露的一套早—中侏罗世火山-沉积建造经历了多期构造变形,致使这套火山-沉积层序发生了强烈的面理置换,形成了典型的构造-岩石地层。依据造山带地层划分方法将叶巴火山弧厘定为叶巴岩群,并根据内部岩性组合特征和构造变形特征将其进一步划分为邦堆岩组、叶巴岩组、甲玛岩组。运用构造解析原理划分了3期构造变形事件。第一期构造变形为脆-韧性剪切变形,剪切方式为纯剪占优的一般剪切变形,透入性面理S₁普遍置换层理S₀(S₁∥S₀),伴生倾伏向85°~100°陡倾的拉伸线理,运动学指示顶面朝西运动,存在左行和右行两个方向的剪切旋转碎斑共存的现象;EBSD实验结果显示变形的温度≤380 ℃,石英颗粒细粒化明显,重结晶方式为亚颗粒旋转重结晶;⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar年代学结果表明该期构造变形时代约为79 Ma,其可能代表新特提斯洋板片低角度(平板式)俯冲引起在弧后挤压背景下形成的挤出构造。第二期构造变形表现为S₁面理发生纵弯褶皱变形形成的轴面劈理S₂,轴面产状倾向北或南,倾角40°~70°,枢纽向西或北西西倾伏;结合区域地质演化特征,认为其可能是在晚白垩世(79~68 Ma)南北向持续的挤压应力条件下,南冈底斯弧后盆地整体向上挤出,引发上地壳缩短、加厚进而导致褶皱作用的发生。第三期主要为浅层次膝折构造和近东西向正断层,最大主压应力方向为铅直向,最小主压应力方向(伸展方向)为近南北向;结合区域构造演化特征,认为该期变形可能代表渐新世末—中新世初期(23.74~21.1 Ma),印度岩石圈或青藏高原岩石圈或两者组合的拆沉作用引起冈底斯岩基隆升(主要动力学机制)和GCT活动并共同作用导致近南北向伸展滑覆事件发生。

关键词: 南冈底斯带, 叶巴火山弧, 构造-地层, 变形时代, 构造演化

Abstract:

In the South Gangdese magmatic belt a set of exposed Early-Middle Jurassic volcanic-sedimentary formations underwent multi-stage structural deformation, which resulted in intense foliation displacing the volcanic-sedimentary sequence and forming the typical tectonic-rock strata. According to the stratigraphic division scheme for orogenic belt, the Early-Middle Jurassic volcanic arc is defined as Yeba rock group, which is further divided into the Bangdui, Yeba and Jiama rock formations based on its internal lithologic assemblages and structural deformation modes. The three-stage deformation is characterized as below. In D₁ stage, the brittle-ductile shear deformation is pure shear dominant general shear deformation, and beddings (S₀) are mostly replaced by penetrative foliations (S₁) (S₁∥S₀). The deformation is characterized as pure westward shearing, from the top, with a steep stretching lineation to 85-100° according to kinematic observations. EBSD results showed the deformation temperature is no more than 380 ℃, and quartz particles are clearly fine-grained, formed by sub-particle rotational recrystallization.⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar dating results suggests the D₁ tectonic deformation happened around 79 Ma, therefore it could represent an extrusion structure formed by the low angle (flatten) Neo-Tethys ocean plate subduction in the back-arc compression background. In D₂ stage, longitudinal folding of S₁ led to the axial-plane cleavage (S₂) that dips to N or S, with an inclination of 40-70°, and hinges toward W or NWW. Combining with the regional geological evolutionary history, we believe the Southern Gangdse back-arc basin was extruded upward under continuous N-S compressional stress during the Late Cretaceous (79-68 Ma), which resulted in upper crustal shortening and thickening, then led to folding. In D₃ stage, deformation is mainly kink-bands and near E-W normal faults. The maximum principal compressive stress is in the vertical direction, while the minimum (extension direction) is in near N-S direction. Combining with the regional tectonic evolutionary history, we suggest that the near N-S extensional event during the late Oligocene-early Miocene (23.74-21.1 Ma) may represent the uplift of the Gangdese batholith caused by the delamination of the Indian lithosphere and/or Tibetan plateau lithosphere (the main dynamic mechanism) and the Gangdese counter thrust activity.

Key words: Southern Gangdese belt in Tibet, Yeba volcanic arc, tectonostratigraphy, deformation age, tectonic evolution

中图分类号:

P542
P544.4

唐宇, 王根厚, 冯翼鹏, 次旦, 李典, 范正哲, 高曦, 韦宇飞, 胡继信, 张培烈. 西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 285-302.

TANG Yu, WANG Genhou, FENG Yipeng, CI Dan, LI Dian, FAN Zhengzhe, GAO Xi, WEI Yufei, HU Jixin, ZHANG Peilie. Tectonostratigraphic properties and evolution of the Yeba volcanic arc in South Gangdese, Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 285-302.

图/表 12

图1 青藏高原大地构造简图(据文献[41,42]修改) BNS—班公湖—怒江缝合带;HFTB—喜马拉雅褶皱逆冲带;IYS—印度—雅鲁藏布江缝合带;SNMZ—狮泉河—纳木错缝合带;MBT—主边界断裂;STDS—藏南拆离系;LMF—洛巴堆—米拉山断裂带。

Fig.1 Simplified tectonic map of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Modified after [41-42].

图2 南冈底斯带达孜县-墨竹工卡县叶巴岩群地质简图

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Yeba rock group across Dazhi and Mozhugongka counties, Southern Gangdese

图3 叶巴岩群划分依据简图

Fig.3 Classification of the Yeba rock group

图4 叶巴岩群岩性组合特征 a—绢云石英千枚岩、绢云石英绿泥千枚岩和绢云钠长片岩等强片理化岩石组成;b—钠长石英二云母片岩;c—二云母片岩的正交镜下照片,可见石英、长石、绢云母和白云母等矿物定向排列共同组成片理构造;d—凝灰质火山碎屑岩(“基质”)和安山质凝灰角砾熔岩(“残斑”),透镜体周围为剪切面理;e—英安岩透镜体和凝灰质角砾熔岩透镜体(“残斑”)与蚀变火山碎屑岩(“基质”);f—凝灰质角砾熔岩透镜体和火山碎屑岩共同组成典型的“基质”+“残斑”构造岩性组合;g—糜棱岩化蚀变英安岩,剪切面理发育;h—糜棱岩化蚀变安山岩,长英质矿物定向排列;i—糜棱岩化英安岩正交镜下特征,可见变质矿物白云母+绢云母+钠长石;j—玄武岩和蚀变凝灰岩的夹互关系;k—流纹岩中见到的玄武质角砾;l—叶巴岩群内见到的辉绿岩或辉绿玢岩等基性岩,矿物不具有定向。

Fig.4 Field view of the Yeba rock group (a) and optical images of the characteristic lithologic assemblages (b-l)

图5 叶巴岩群构造地层剖面

Fig. 5 Characteristics of D1 brittle-ductile shear deformation in the Yeba rock group

图6 叶巴岩群的构造地层剖面 a—区域性的剪切面理S1,局部可见S1∥S0;b—安山岩中发育的左行剪切旋转碎斑(白色镜头指示)和剪切面理;c—单偏光下的长石旋转碎斑显微照片;d—正交偏光下的糜棱岩化凝灰质英安岩中发育的S-C组构显微照片;e—两个方向的剪切旋转碎斑同时发育,未见相互切割关系为剪切面理形成示意图;f—单偏光镜下两个方向的剪切旋转碎斑和面理;g,h—S1剪切面理之上发育的矿物拉伸线理,可见压扁拉长的长英质矿物;i—D1变形机制模式图,表现为近SN向纯剪占优的一般剪切变形。

Fig.6 Tectonostratigraphic profile of the Yeba rock group

图7 叶巴岩群D2期纵弯褶皱变形特征 a,b—相对能干性较强的英安岩中发育的同斜褶皱和斜歪褶皱;c—凝灰质英安岩中见到的“Z”型次级褶皱;d—凝灰质千枚岩中见到的“Z”型次级褶皱;e,f,i—靠近褶皱转折端发育的“M”型和“W”型褶皱;g—褶皱形成的构造样式图;h—石英脉的“Z”型次级褶皱;j—石英脉的“S”型次级褶皱;k—单偏光下早期剪切面理S1和旋转碎斑的褶皱变形特征。

Fig.7 Characteristics of D2 folding in the Yeba rock group

图8 叶巴岩群D3期伸展构造变形特征 a—英安质片岩中发育的膝折;b—为a中白色框处放大照片,显示脆-韧性透镜体发生膝折变形;c—构造片岩中膝折的单偏光镜下特征;d、e—构造片岩中的共轭膝折,钝角夹角为110°~120°,指示最大蛀牙应力近铅直方向;f—正断层改造了D2期褶皱;g—断层下盘可见断层改造叶巴岩群褶皱的千枚理;h—g中断层带内发育的碎裂岩、断层角砾和断层泥;i—D3变形主压应力方向和构造变形组合示意图。

Fig.8 Characteristics of D3 stretching in the Yeba rock group

图9 石英EBSD组构分析图(上)及对应镜下特征(下) a,b—钠长云母石英片岩;c—糜棱岩化英安岩;d,e—分别代表a和b两个样品的定向薄片;f—c样品的定向薄片。

Fig.9 Quartz EBSD pole figures and corresponding optical characteristics

表1 40Ar-39Ar定年分析结果

Table 1 40Ar-39Ar dating results

T/℃	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁷Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁶Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	⁴⁰Ar^*/³⁹Ar_K±2σ	(Age± 2σ)/Ma
QY0807-1
650	47.875 9	0.098 9	0.000 0	0.036 5	0.133 2	0.001 4	8.525 9±0.82	56.98±5.38
720	32.631 2	0.052 4	0.037 7	0.005 2	0.080 1	0.000 6	8.953 6±0.33	59.79±2.16
760	12.105 4	0.019 6	0.026 2	0.004 0	0.006 3	0.000 1	10.253 2±0.07	68.31±0.48
800	12.077 8	0.019 7	0.005 6	0.003 5	0.003 8	0.000 1	10.962 2±0.08	72.94±0.55
840	12.462 5	0.020 1	0.004 8	0.002 1	0.002 9	0.000 1	11.600 4±0.07	77.09±0.44
880	12.908 0	0.021 1	0.014 5	0.001 9	0.003 0	0.000 1	12.025 4±0.06	79.86±0.36
920	12.985 2	0.021 0	0.007 7	0.002 8	0.003 4	0.000 1	11.971 5±0.07	79.51±0.49
960	13.082 5	0.021 6	0.000 0	0.005 7	0.004 2	0.000 2	11.837 2±0.13	78.63±0.81
1 010	13.285 7	0.021 7	0.000 0	0.004 4	0.005 1	0.000 2	11.783 6±0.13	78.28±0.86
1 060	13.529 4	0.022 9	0.000 0	0.005 7	0.006 8	0.000 2	11.532 0±0.14	76.65±0.91
1 120	13.416 2	0.022 0	0.000 0	0.005 5	0.007 3	0.000 2	11.249 4±0.14	74.81±0.92
1 180	15.543 8	0.026 7	0.000 0	0.005 1	0.014 2	0.000 5	11.340 5±0.28	75.40±1.80
1 400	74.011 0	0.161 5	0.082 7	0.028 8	0.191 8	0.001 8	17.328 8±1.05	113.98±6.70
T/℃	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁷Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁶Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	⁴⁰Ar^*/³⁹Ar_K±2σ	(Age± 2σ)/Ma
QY0807-4
600	102.673 1	0.303 8	0.000 0	0.035 7	0.337 2	0.002 9	3.028 8±1.61	20.24±10.70
680	21.169 5	0.035 1	0.006 9	0.007 4	0.045 1	0.000 5	7.856 0±0.32	52.03±2.07
720	32.079 7	0.054 3	0.000 0	0.012 3	0.076 1	0.000 7	9.599 6±0.38	63.37±2.46
760	15.509 9	0.025 1	0.000 0	0.004 0	0.015 4	0.000 2	10.956 8±0.13	72.16±0.81
800	13.057 1	0.021 0	0.019 7	0.004 2	0.005 7	0.000 2	11.362 4±0.12	74.77±0.75
840	13.417 1	0.021 6	0.000 0	0.002 0	0.004 6	0.000 1	12.043 0±0.08	79.16±0.52
880	13.375 6	0.022 0	0.000 0	0.004 4	0.004 5	0.000 2	12.044 9±0.10	79.17±0.65
920	13.717 8	0.022 0	0.000 9	0.001 5	0.004 7	0.000 1	12.318 1±0.07	80.92±0.45
960	13.928 1	0.022 5	0.000 0	0.005 3	0.006 6	0.000 2	11.990 6±0.13	78.82±0.81
1 020	14.341 9	0.024 5	0.000 0	0.012 4	0.007 2	0.000 3	12.217 3±0.21	80.28±1.35
1 100	15.310 1	0.025 1	0.000 3	0.003 1	0.010 8	0.000 1	12.110 3±0.09	79.59±0.59
1 180	16.814 2	0.027 3	0.008 0	0.003 5	0.014 5	0.000 2	12.520 3±0.11	82.22±0.68
1 260	29.340 9	0.061 4	0.000 0	0.032 9	0.043 3	0.001 2	16.539 7±0.72	107.84±4.57
1 400	57.797 3	0.181 3	0.000 0	0.058 4	0.125 3	0.001 9	20.763 2±1.10	134.38±6.84

表1 40Ar-39Ar定年分析结果

Table 1 40Ar-39Ar dating results

T/℃	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁷Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁶Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	⁴⁰Ar^*/³⁹Ar_K±2σ	(Age± 2σ)/Ma
QY0807-1
650	47.875 9	0.098 9	0.000 0	0.036 5	0.133 2	0.001 4	8.525 9±0.82	56.98±5.38
720	32.631 2	0.052 4	0.037 7	0.005 2	0.080 1	0.000 6	8.953 6±0.33	59.79±2.16
760	12.105 4	0.019 6	0.026 2	0.004 0	0.006 3	0.000 1	10.253 2±0.07	68.31±0.48
800	12.077 8	0.019 7	0.005 6	0.003 5	0.003 8	0.000 1	10.962 2±0.08	72.94±0.55
840	12.462 5	0.020 1	0.004 8	0.002 1	0.002 9	0.000 1	11.600 4±0.07	77.09±0.44
880	12.908 0	0.021 1	0.014 5	0.001 9	0.003 0	0.000 1	12.025 4±0.06	79.86±0.36
920	12.985 2	0.021 0	0.007 7	0.002 8	0.003 4	0.000 1	11.971 5±0.07	79.51±0.49
960	13.082 5	0.021 6	0.000 0	0.005 7	0.004 2	0.000 2	11.837 2±0.13	78.63±0.81
1 010	13.285 7	0.021 7	0.000 0	0.004 4	0.005 1	0.000 2	11.783 6±0.13	78.28±0.86
1 060	13.529 4	0.022 9	0.000 0	0.005 7	0.006 8	0.000 2	11.532 0±0.14	76.65±0.91
1 120	13.416 2	0.022 0	0.000 0	0.005 5	0.007 3	0.000 2	11.249 4±0.14	74.81±0.92
1 180	15.543 8	0.026 7	0.000 0	0.005 1	0.014 2	0.000 5	11.340 5±0.28	75.40±1.80
1 400	74.011 0	0.161 5	0.082 7	0.028 8	0.191 8	0.001 8	17.328 8±1.05	113.98±6.70
T/℃	⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁷Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	³⁶Ar/³⁹Ar	1σ	⁴⁰Ar^*/³⁹Ar_K±2σ	(Age± 2σ)/Ma
QY0807-4
600	102.673 1	0.303 8	0.000 0	0.035 7	0.337 2	0.002 9	3.028 8±1.61	20.24±10.70
680	21.169 5	0.035 1	0.006 9	0.007 4	0.045 1	0.000 5	7.856 0±0.32	52.03±2.07
720	32.079 7	0.054 3	0.000 0	0.012 3	0.076 1	0.000 7	9.599 6±0.38	63.37±2.46
760	15.509 9	0.025 1	0.000 0	0.004 0	0.015 4	0.000 2	10.956 8±0.13	72.16±0.81
800	13.057 1	0.021 0	0.019 7	0.004 2	0.005 7	0.000 2	11.362 4±0.12	74.77±0.75
840	13.417 1	0.021 6	0.000 0	0.002 0	0.004 6	0.000 1	12.043 0±0.08	79.16±0.52
880	13.375 6	0.022 0	0.000 0	0.004 4	0.004 5	0.000 2	12.044 9±0.10	79.17±0.65
920	13.717 8	0.022 0	0.000 9	0.001 5	0.004 7	0.000 1	12.318 1±0.07	80.92±0.45
960	13.928 1	0.022 5	0.000 0	0.005 3	0.006 6	0.000 2	11.990 6±0.13	78.82±0.81
1 020	14.341 9	0.024 5	0.000 0	0.012 4	0.007 2	0.000 3	12.217 3±0.21	80.28±1.35
1 100	15.310 1	0.025 1	0.000 3	0.003 1	0.010 8	0.000 1	12.110 3±0.09	79.59±0.59
1 180	16.814 2	0.027 3	0.008 0	0.003 5	0.014 5	0.000 2	12.520 3±0.11	82.22±0.68
1 260	29.340 9	0.061 4	0.000 0	0.032 9	0.043 3	0.001 2	16.539 7±0.72	107.84±4.57
1 400	57.797 3	0.181 3	0.000 0	0.058 4	0.125 3	0.001 9	20.763 2±1.10	134.38±6.84

图10 40Ar-39Ar坪年龄谱线(左)和反等时线年龄(右)图所有年龄的误差都用2σ表示;tp为坪年龄;ti为反等时线年龄;MSWD为平均标准加权偏差。

Fig.10 40Ar-39Ar plateau (a, c) and inverse isochronal (b, d) ages for mica from the quartz samples used in EBSD analysis

图11 叶巴火山弧的构造演化模式图 (修改自文献[53,61])

Fig.11 A tectonic evolution model for the Yeba volcanic arc. Modified from [53,61].

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西藏南冈底斯叶巴火山弧的构造-地层属性及其演化

Tectonostratigraphic properties and evolution of the Yeba volcanic arc in South Gangdese, Tibet

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