青藏高原东缘深切河谷区古滑坡:判识、特征、时代与演化

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原东缘是全球古滑坡最发育的地区之一。基于大量地面调查、遥感解译和年龄测试资料,总结了青藏高原东缘深切河谷区古滑坡的判识方法、主要发育特征、形成时代和分布规律。结果表明,古滑坡具有规模巨大、高位起动、物质组成和结构复杂等特征,其空间分布与地形地貌、岩性组合和活动构造等因素关系密切。古滑坡在区域上受气候变化影响较明显,一般形成于河流强烈下切阶段,与河流阶地具有较好的对应关系,多数已发现的古滑坡与T₂阶地时代相当,时间跨度为40~10 ka,集中分布于30~20 ka。构造活动和地震造成古滑坡在不同区段的分布具有差异性,一般在活动断裂带附近密集发育,现今发现的古滑坡多为这种成因。这些认识对于科学认知古滑坡的形成演化过程和未来巨灾风险预测具有重要的指导作用。

关键词: 古滑坡, 河流阶地, 活动构造, 遥感判识模型, 青藏高原东缘

Abstract:

The eastern Tibetan Plateau is a region with the most developed ancient landslides on earth. Based on ground surveys, remote sensing interpretation, and age dating, we summarize here the identification methods and the main developmental characteristics, formation age, and distribution pattern of the ancient landslides on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The ancient landslides have the characteristics of large scale, high starting point, and complex material composition and structure, and their spatial distribution is closely related to factors such as topography, lithology, and active structure. The ancient landslides are obviously affected by climate change in the region, and are generally formed at the stage of strong river undercuts. They have a good corresponding relationship with river terraces, with the formation ages mostly equivalent to the age of the T₂ terrace. The age span is 40-10 ka, concentrated in 30-20 ka. The distribution patterns of the ancient landslides differ in different areas because of tectonic activities and earthquakes as landslides generally developed intensely near active fault zones. This study will be helpful for understanding the evolution of ancient landslides and for predicting future catastrophe risk.

Key words: ancient landslide, river terrace, active tectonics, RS cognization model, eastern Tibetan Plateau

中图分类号:

P642.22
P694

张永双, 刘筱怡, 吴瑞安, 郭长宝, 任三绍. 青藏高原东缘深切河谷区古滑坡:判识、特征、时代与演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 94-105.

ZHANG Yongshuang, LIU Xiaoyi, WU Rui’an, GUO Changbao, REN Sanshao. Cognization, characteristics, age and evolution of the ancient landslides along the deep-cut valleys on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 94-105.

图/表 12

图1 青藏高原东缘活动断裂及大型滑坡分布图

Fig.1 Main active faults and large-scale landslides on the eastern Tibetan Plateau

图2 大渡河泸定德威阶地剖面(据文献[24])

Fig.2 River terrace section at the Dewei segment, Dadu River, Luding County. Adapted from [24].

图3 岷江上游河流阶地位相图(据文献[23,27,30]修改)

Fig.3 River terrace of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Modified after [23,27,30].

图4 基于ZY-3影像的古滑坡三维遥感解译特征 a—甲居滑坡 ;b—泽公滑坡;c—格宗滑坡。

Fig.4 Remote sensing ZY-3 image interpretation for the ancient landslides

图5 新生滑坡与古滑坡的属性特征统计分析曲线

Fig.5 Statistical analysis curve of new and ancient landslides based on their attribute characteristics

图6 新生滑坡与古滑坡IGTVI值对应像元个数统计 a—甲居滑坡群;b—泽公滑坡群;c—格宗滑坡群。

Fig.6 Statistics of the number of pixels corresponding to the IGTVI of new and ancient landslides for three landslides deposits

图7 大渡河流域和岷江上游大型古滑坡分布图

Fig.7 Distributions of large-scale ancient landslides in the Dadu River (a) and the upper Minjiang River (b)

图8 松潘县尕米寺古滑坡发育特征

Fig.8 Developmental characteristics of the Gamisi ancient landslide in Songpan County

表1 部分代表性软弱岩体全岩矿物X-衍射分析结果

Table 1 Results of whole rock X-ray diffraction analysis of some typical weak rock masses

样品编号	取样点	岩性	矿物含量/%
样品编号	取样点	岩性	方解石	石英	斜绿泥石	伊利石	钠长石	白云石
S01	叠溪刁公寨	砂质板岩	17.49	35.07	12.17	21.12	12.01	2.13
S02	叠溪金瓶岩	碳质板岩	13.14	42.34	—	22.88	12.72	8.17
S03	松潘东山村	砂质板岩	12.78	40.08	10.09	21.88	13.97	1.19
S04	松潘牟尼沟	千枚岩	—	24.84	12.49	27.07	34.05	1.55

图9 活动构造孕滑-成灾模式示意图 a—活动断裂控滑机制;b—活动褶皱控滑机制。

Fig.9 A mechanistic model of ancient landslide in active tectonic area

图10 大渡河流域古滑坡与阶地时代分布图

Fig.10 Age distribution of ancient landslides and terraces along the Dadu River

图11 岷江上游古滑坡与阶地时代分布图

Fig.11 Age distribution of ancient landslides and terraces along the upper reaches of the Minjiang River

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