雅鲁藏布江流域古堰塞湖群的发育及其地质意义初探

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

展布于青藏高原东南部的雅鲁藏布江流域河谷中广泛分布有古堰塞湖沉积,古堰塞湖发育与构造活动、气候变化和地表过程等因素关系密切。在广泛地质调查的基础上,识别出雅鲁藏布江流域的十余个古堰塞湖,通过对其开展沉积学、地貌学和年代学工作,结合前人工作结果,初步建立了古堰塞湖群的地层年代框架。地表残留的古堰塞湖沉积多集中于末次冰期冰盛期和全新世早期,持续时间可达千年—万年。对大竹卡古湖、格嘎古湖和易贡湖的研究结果进行了介绍,归纳出古堰塞湖群发育的基本特征,初步讨论了构造、气候和侵蚀相互作用下古堰塞湖研究的意义、存在的问题以及研究的方向。提出末次冰期以来的冰川(泥石流)堵江-堰塞-溃决洪水所构建的极端气候-灾害事件,对雅鲁藏布江河谷地貌和古地理环境等有重要影响。

关键词: 雅鲁藏布江流域, 古堰塞湖, 活动构造, 末次冰盛期, 裂点

Abstract:

Lacustrine sediments of dammed paleolakes are widely distributed along the valley of the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin across the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. The development of paleolakes is closely related to tectonics, climate change, and surface processes. Through extensive geological investigation, we identified more than 10 dammed paleolakes in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin and, combined with previous research, established the preliminary stratigraphic chronological framework of these paleolakes through sedimentological, geomorphological and geochronological studies. The remaining lacustrine sediments occurred mostly in the Last Glacial Maximum and the early Holocene, lasting from several to ten thousand years. We summarize the research results on the Dazhuka, Gega and Yigong paleolakes with a focus on their basic developmental characteristics, and discuss the significance, current challenges and research directions for studying dammed paleolakes influenced by tectonics-climate-erosion interactions. We suggest that the extreme climatic change and natural disasters, triggered by the glacial (debris flow) river damming and outburst flooding events since the Last Glacial Period, have had an significant impact on the Yarlung Tsangpo River landform and paleogeographic environment.

Key words: Yarlung Tsangpo River basin, dammed paleolake, active tectonics, Last Glacial Maximum, knickpoint

中图分类号:

P642.2
P531

王萍, 王慧颖, 胡钢, 覃金堂, 李翠平. 雅鲁藏布江流域古堰塞湖群的发育及其地质意义初探[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 35-45.

WANG Ping, WANG Huiying, HU Gang, QIN Jintang, LI Cuiping. A preliminary study on the development of dammed paleolakes in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin, southeastern Tibet[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 35-45.

图/表 7

图1 雅鲁藏布江流域地理位置及地震构造简图(断层据文献[29]修改)

Fig.1 A simplified tectonic map showing the geographic location, principal faults and historic earthquake events in the Yarlung Tsangpo River basin. Modified after [29].

图2 雅鲁藏布江中、下游流域河谷形貌(基于SRTM NASA DEM 30 m分辨率的DEM数据获得) a—雅鲁藏布江中下游及主要支流的河流纵剖面;b—雅鲁藏布江大拐弯地区坡向分布图。

Fig.2 DEM map based on 30-meter SRTM data released by NASA, showing the valley morphology in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

图3 雅鲁藏布江中下游古堰塞湖群的分布 ZY—忠玉古湖;TL—塔鲁古湖;GX—古乡古湖;SZ—松宗古湖;YP—玉普古湖;DJ—东久古湖;LL—鲁朗古湖。

Fig.3 Distribution of dammed paleolakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River

图4 大竹卡古堰塞湖及堰塞坝 a—古堰塞湖沉积及湖岸线的展布(插图a’显示基岩岸坡与古堰塞湖及上覆黄土-古土壤沉积的交界位置);b—位于约居峡谷出口的残留冰川泥石流堰塞坝(箭头指向残余坝体的最高处,镜头北西)。

Fig.4 Photos of the Dazhuka dammed paleolake and dams

图5 格嘎古堰塞湖沉积与地貌 a—两期古湖沉积范围;b—湖积阶地;c—开挖剖面揭示的两期古堰塞湖沉积;d—T1阶地剖面;e—T2阶地剖面。照片显示两个沉积旋回的岩性变化,下部红色砂层为下旋回的顶部沉积,上部灰色黏土层为上旋回的底部沉积。

Fig.5 Sedimentary and geomorphologic features of the Gaga paleolakes

图6 古堰塞湖沉积中记录到的古地震变形构造 a—底部液化砂层向上穿刺湖相地层形成砂脉及角砾;b—包卷构造。

Fig.6 Paleoseismic deformation structure recorded in the sediments of dammed paleolake

图7 雅鲁藏布江-布拉马普特拉河的环境考古调查红色方框为14C年龄,红色圆点为OSL年龄。a—尼洋曲左岸立定村发现的古人遗骸;b—孟加拉国Wari-Bateshwar遗址。

Fig.7 Environmental archaeological investigation of the Yarlung Tsangpo-Brahmaputra River

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