Quantitative analysis of scaling tendency of karstic geothermal water coupled with CO2 degassing

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.82

Abstract

Abstract:

Low-to-medium temperature fluid reservoirs hosted in carbonate rocks represent a promising yet relatively unknown hydrothermal geothermal system. Scaling of geothermal water, particularly underground scaling, poses a significant challenge in the sustainable utilization of geothermal resources. To address the limitations of current methods for analyzing karstic geothermal water scaling trends, a chemical thermodynamic simulation approach was employed to develop an enhanced method for quantitatively assessing scaling trends in geothermal water, considering CO₂ degassing effects. This study focused on the influence of CO₂ degassing on scaling trends. The scaling tendency of the Tangshan karstic geothermal area in Nanjing was quantitatively analyzed using the improved method. Results indicate that the geothermal water in the Tangshan area exhibits a propensity for carbonate scaling at the wellhead, primarily composed of CaCO₃, and varying degrees of sulfate scaling in the middle and lower sections of the wellbore, with main components including CaSO₄, SrSO₄, and BaSO₄. By addressing the limitations of existing scaling trend analysis methods, this study offers a theoretical foundation and methodological guidance for scale prevention and removal, thereby facilitating the sustainable utilization of geothermal water resources.

Key words: karstic geothermal water, sustainable utilization, analysis of scaling tendency, CO₂ degassing, geochemical modeling, Tangshan

CLC Number:

P641

LÜ Lianghua, WANG Shui. Quantitative analysis of scaling tendency of karstic geothermal water coupled with CO₂ degassing[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(3): 402-409.

Figures/Tables 8

References 44

[1]	庞忠和, 孔彦龙, 庞菊梅, 等. 雄安新区地热资源与开发利用研究[J]. 中国科学院院刊, 2017, 32(11): 1224-1230.
[2]	KONG Y L, PANG Z H, SHAO H B, et al. Recent studies on hydrothermal systems in China: a review[J]. Geothermal Energy, 2014, 2(1): 19.
[3]	MICHAEL K, GOLAB A, SHULAKOVA V, et al. Geological storage of CO₂ in saline aquifers: a review of the experience from existing storage operations[J]. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 2010, 4(4): 659-667.
[4]	庞菊梅, 庞忠和, 孔彦龙, 等. 岩溶热储井间连通性的示踪研究[J]. 地质科学, 2014, 49(3): 915-923.
[5]	MONTANARI D, MINISSALE A, DOVERI M, et al. Geothermal resources within carbonate reservoirs in western Sicily (Italy): a review[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2017, 169: 180-201.
[6]	庞忠和, 胡圣标, 汪集旸. 中国地热能发展路线图[J]. 科技导报, 2012, 30(32): 18-24.
[7]	刘金侠, 毛翔, 季汉成, 等. 东濮凹陷奥陶系岩溶型热储分布特征及成因研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2017, 24(3): 180-189. DOI
[8]	王延欣, 刘世良, 边庆玉, 等. 甘孜地热井结垢分析及防垢对策[J]. 新能源进展, 2015, 3(3): 202-206.
[9]	ÇELIK A, TOPÇU G, BABA A, et al. Experimental modeling of silicate-based geothermal deposits[J]. Geothermics, 2017, 69: 65-73.
[10]	IKEDA R, UEDA A. Experimental field investigations of inhibitors for controlling silica scale in geothermal brine at the Sumikawa geothermal plant, Akita Prefecture, Japan[J]. Geothermics, 2017, 70: 305-313.
[11]	NITSCHKE F, HELD S, HIMMELSBACH T, et al. THC simulation of halite scaling in deep geothermal single well production[J]. Geothermics, 2017, 65: 234-243.
[12]	余琴, 杨平恒, 程群, 等. 重庆主城区钻井地热水结垢及腐蚀趋势研究[J]. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2017, 39(10): 95-101.
[13]	PAUWELS J, SALAH S, VASILE M, et al. Characterization of scaling material obtained from the geothermal power plant of the Balmatt site, Mol[J]. Geothermics, 2021, 94: 102090.
[14]	何雨江, 刘肖, 邢林啸, 等. 河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 430-437. DOI
[15]	于湲, 周训, 方斌. 北京城区地下热水结垢趋势的判断和分析[J]. 城市地质, 2007, 2(2): 14-18.
[16]	BOZAU E, HÄUßLER S,VAN BERK W. Hydrogeochemical modelling of corrosion effects and barite scaling in deep geothermal wells of the North German Basin using PHREEQC and PHAST[J]. Geothermics, 2015, 53: 540-547.
[17]	MROCZEK E, GRAHAM D, SIEGA C, et al. Silica scaling in cooled silica saturated geothermal water: comparison between Wairakei and Ohaaki geothermal fields, New Zealand[J]. Geothermics, 2017, 69: 145-152.
[18]	BOZAU E, VAN BERK W. Hydrogeochemical modeling of deep formation water applied to geothermal energy production[J]. Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 2013, 7: 97-100.
[19]	HENLEY R W. pH and silica scaling control in geothermal field development[J]. Geothermics, 1983, 12(4): 307-321.
[20]	GARCÍA A V, THOMSEN K, STENBY E H. Prediction of mineral scale formation in geothermal and oilfield operations using the extended UNIQUAC model[J]. Geothermics, 2005, 34(1): 61-97.
[21]	GARCÍA A V, THOMSEN K, STENBY E H. Prediction of mineral scale formation in geothermal and oilfield operations using the Extended UNIQUAC model[J]. Geothermics, 2006, 35(3): 239-284.
[22]	LI Y M, PANG Z H, GALECZKA I M. Quantitative assessment of calcite scaling of a high temperature geothermal well in the Kangding geothermal field of Eastern Himalayan Syntax[J]. Geothermics, 2020, 87: 101844.
[23]	刘明言. 地热流体的腐蚀与结垢控制现状[J]. 新能源进展, 2015, 3(1): 38-46.
[24]	TARCAN G. Mineral saturation and scaling tendencies of waters discharged from wells (>150 ℃) in geothermal areas of Turkey[J]. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 2005, 142(3/4): 263-283.
[25]	朱家玲, 姚涛. 地热水腐蚀结垢趋势的判断和计算[J]. 工业用水与废水, 2004, 35(2): 23-25.
[26]	SONG J C, LIU M Y, SUN X X. Model analysis and experimental study on scaling and corrosion tendencies of aerated geothermal water[J]. Geothermics, 2020, 85: 101766.
[27]	DIAMOND L W, ALT-EPPING P. Predictive modelling of mineral scaling, corrosion and the performance of solute geothermometers in a granitoid-hosted, enhanced geothermal system[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2014, 51: 216-228.
[28]	HUSSAIN A, KHOSHNEVIS N, MEULENBROEK B, et al. Modelling mineral-scaling in geothermal reservoirs using both a local equilibrium and a kinetics approach[C/OL]. 2021[2023-04-11]. https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-16033.
[29]	DEMIR M M, BABA A, ATILLA V, et al. Types of the scaling in hyper saline geothermal system in northwest Turkey[J]. Geothermics, 2014, 50: 1-9.
[30]	LARSON T E, SOLLO F W. Loss in water main carrying capacity[J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1967, 59(12): 1565-1572.
[31]	RYZNAR J W. A new index for determining amount of calcium scale formed by a water[J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 1944, 36(4): 472486.
[32]	LANGELIER W F. Chemical equilibria in water treatment[J]. Journal AWWA, 1946, 38(2): 169-178.
[33]	RIDDICK T M. The mechanism of corrosion of water pipes[J]. Water Sewage Works, 1944, 91: 133-138.
[34]	PANG Z H, REED M. Theoretical chemical thermometry on geothermal waters: problems and methods[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1998, 62(6): 1083-1091.
[35]	李义曼, 庞忠和. 地热系统碳酸钙垢形成原因及定量化评价[J]. 新能源进展, 2018, 6(4): 274-281.
[36]	徐成华, 于丹丹. 汤山地热水补给及受轨道交通工程的影响[J]. 水资源保护, 2018, 34(3): 57-61.
[37]	LU L H, PANG Z H, KONG Y L, et al. Geochemical and isotopic evidence on the recharge and circulation of geothermal water in the Tangshan Geothermal System near Nanjing, China: implications for sustainable development[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2018, 26(5): 1705-1719.
[38]	HASHEMI S H, DINMOHAMMAD M, BAGHERI M. Optimization of extended UNIQUAC model parameter for mean activity coefficient of aqueous chloride solutions using Genetic+PSO[J]. Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 2020, 54(1): 1-12.
[39]	THOMSEN K, ILIUTA M C, RASMUSSEN P. Extended UNIQUAC model for correlation and prediction of vapor-liquid-liquid-solid equilibria in aqueous salt systems containing non-electrolytes. Part B. Alcohol (ethanol, propanols, butanols)-water-salt systems[J]. Chemical Engineering Science, 2004, 59(17): 3631-3647.
[40]	HASHEMI S H, DINMOHAMMAD M, MOUSAVI DEHGHANI S A. Thermodynamic prediction of Ba and Sr sulfates scale formation in water flooding projects in oil reservoirs[J]. Journal of Mineral Resources Engineering, 2019, 4(2): 23-37.
[41]	REED M, SPYCHER N, PALANDRI J. SOLVEQ-XPT: A computer program for computing aqueous-mineral-gas equilibria[R/OL]. 2016[2023-04-11]. https://pages.uoregon.edu/palandri/data/solveq-xpt%20guide_v.2.23.pdf.
[42]	DUAN Z H, SUN R. An improved model calculating CO₂ solubility in pure water and aqueous NaCl solutions from 273 to 533 K and from 0 to 2000 bar[J]. Chemical Geology, 2003, 193(3/4): 257-271.
[43]	DUAN Z H, SUN R, ZHU C, et al. An improved model for the calculation of CO₂ solubility in aqueous solutions containing Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, and SO₄^2-[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2006, 98(2/3/4): 131-139.
[44]	GUNNARSSON I, ARNÓRSSON S. Impact of silica scaling on the efficiency of heat extraction from high-temperature geothermal fluids[J]. Geothermics, 2005, 34(3): 320-329.

样品编号	水样类型		井口温度/ ℃	pH	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)	TDS浓度/ (mg·L^-1)
W1	地热水	336	48.3	7.1	2 490	1 335.3
W2	地热水	2 005	40.1	8.0	2 113	1 376.0
W3	地热水	230	64.3	7.2	3 190	1 575.0
W4	地热水	200	35.1	7.7	1 344	713.3
W5	地热水	306.5	64.7	7.4	3 140	1 580.2
W6	地热水	280	34.1	7.2	1 823	1 132.0
W7	地热水	230	65.3	7.6	3 110	1 538.5

样品编号	水样类型		井口温度/ ℃	pH	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)	TDS浓度/ (mg·L^-1)
W1	地热水	336	48.3	7.1	2 490	1 335.3
W2	地热水	2 005	40.1	8.0	2 113	1 376.0
W3	地热水	230	64.3	7.2	3 190	1 575.0
W4	地热水	200	35.1	7.7	1 344	713.3
W5	地热水	306.5	64.7	7.4	3 140	1 580.2
W6	地热水	280	34.1	7.2	1 823	1 132.0
W7	地热水	230	65.3	7.6	3 110	1 538.5

样品编号	主量组分浓度/(mg·L^-1)									相对误差 E/%	水化学类型
样品编号	Na	K	Mg	Ca	Cl	NO₃	SO₄	HCO₃	CO₃	相对误差 E/%	水化学类型
W1	15.5	8.3	53.3	317.5	15.8	1.5	838.5	166.2	0.0	1.1	SO₄-Ca
W2	20.0	10.9	56.1	296.7	15.9	4.8	918.6	102.5	0.0	-1.9	SO₄-Ca
W3	18.7	11.0	60.1	378.0	30.5	0.3	1 002.9	141.4	0.0	1.6	SO₄-Ca
W4	15.7	4.3	27.8	185.2	19.8	3.7	319.8	270.5	0.0	2.4	SO₄·HCO₃-Ca
W5	17.6	10.9	60.4	380.4	24.6	5.1	1 012.9	130.8	0.0	1.9	SO₄-Ca
W6	12.1	4.6	48.3	278.6	8.2	15.6	635.8	254.6	0.0	1.7	SO₄-Ca
W7	17.2	10.4	58.2	360.3	23.6	8.7	966.1	182.1	0.0	-0.4	SO₄-Ca

样品编号	主量组分浓度/(mg·L^-1)									相对误差 E/%	水化学类型
样品编号	Na	K	Mg	Ca	Cl	NO₃	SO₄	HCO₃	CO₃	相对误差 E/%	水化学类型
W1	15.5	8.3	53.3	317.5	15.8	1.5	838.5	166.2	0.0	1.1	SO₄-Ca
W2	20.0	10.9	56.1	296.7	15.9	4.8	918.6	102.5	0.0	-1.9	SO₄-Ca
W3	18.7	11.0	60.1	378.0	30.5	0.3	1 002.9	141.4	0.0	1.6	SO₄-Ca
W4	15.7	4.3	27.8	185.2	19.8	3.7	319.8	270.5	0.0	2.4	SO₄·HCO₃-Ca
W5	17.6	10.9	60.4	380.4	24.6	5.1	1 012.9	130.8	0.0	1.9	SO₄-Ca
W6	12.1	4.6	48.3	278.6	8.2	15.6	635.8	254.6	0.0	1.7	SO₄-Ca
W7	17.2	10.4	58.2	360.3	23.6	8.7	966.1	182.1	0.0	-0.4	SO₄-Ca

深度/ m	温度/ ℃	压力/ bar	CO₂ 脱气量/ (mol·kg^-1)	CaCO₃ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	BaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	CaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)
0	48.3	1.0	0.038 8	0.041 4	4.16E-05
20	49.8	3.0	0.054 4		4.27E-05
40	51.4	6.0	0.050 2		4.49E-05
60	52.9	9.0	0.046 1		4.67E-05
80	54.4	12.0	0.042 6		4.82E-05
100	56.0	15.0	0.039 3		4.94E-05
120	57.5	18.0	0.036 4		5.05E-05
140	59.0	21.0	0.033 6		5.13E-05
160	60.5	24.0	0.031 2		5.21E-05
180	62.1	27.0	0.029		5.27E-05
200	63.6	30.0	0.026 9		5.33E-05
220	65.1	33.0	0.025 1		5.38E-05
240	66.7	36.0	0.023 4		5.40E-05
260	68.2	39.0	0.021 9		5.41E-05	0.089 9
280	69.7	42.0	0.020 5		5.42E-05	0.134 7
300	71.3	45.0	0.019 3		5.43E-05	0.176 4
320	72.8	48.0	0.014 6		5.44E-05	0.215 5
336	74.0	50.4	—		5.44E-05	0.244 9

Quantitative analysis of scaling tendency of karstic geothermal water coupled with CO₂ degassing

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

Figures/Tables 8

References 44

Related Articles 2

Recommended Articles

Metrics

Comments

深度/ m	温度/ ℃	压力/ bar	CO₂ 脱气量 (mol· kg^-1)	CaCO₃ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	BaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	CaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	CaSO₄· 2H₂O 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)
0	40.1	1.0	0.294 4	0.015 8	5.66E-05
100	42.3	15.0	0.244 2		6.55E-05
200	44.5	30.0	0.184 5		6.96E-05
300	46.7	45.0	0.136 6		7.14E-05
400	48.9	60.0	0.098 7		7.22E-05		0.057 8
500	51.1	75.0	0.068 7		7.26E-05	0.143 5
600	53.2	90.0	0.067 1		7.28E-05	0.213 6
700	55.4	105.0	0.011 1		7.30E-05	0.277 6
800	57.6	120.0	0.011 4		7.28E-05	0.299 7
900	59.8	135.0	0.012		7.27E-05	0.322 0
1 000	62.0	150.0	0.012 4		7.26E-05	0.344 6
1 100	64.2	165.0	0.012 9		7.25E-05	0.367 3
1 200	66.4	180.0	0.017 9		7.24E-05	0.390 0
1 300	68.6	195.0	0.012 1		7.23E-05	0.415 4
1 400	70.8	210.0	0.012 2		7.22E-05	0.437 0
1 500	73.0	225.0	0.012 6		7.21E-05	0.458 4
1 600	75.1	240.0	0.013 1		7.20E-05	0.479 6
1 700	77.3	255.0	0.013 7		7.19E-05	0.500 6
1 800	79.5	270.0	0.014 4		7.18E-05	0.521 4
1 900	81.7	285.0	0.015 1		7.17E-05	0.542 1
2 000	83.9	300.0	0.000 8		7.16E-05	0.562 5
2 005	84.0	300.8	—		7.16E-05	0.563 4

深度/ m	温度/ ℃	压力/ bar	CO₂ 脱气量 (mol· kg^-1)	CaCO₃ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	BaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	CaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	CaSO₄· 2H₂O 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)
0	64.7	1.0	0.030 3	0.040 0	5.12E-05	0.004 9
20	66.2	3.0	0.043 2		5.23E-05	0.003 6
40	67.6	6.0	0.040 5		5.44E-05	0.001 8
60	69.1	9.0	0.038 1		5.62E-05	0.000 1	0.005 3
80	70.5	12.0	0.035 7		5.73E-05		0.081 7
100	72.0	15.0	0.033 5		5.82E-05		0.151 0
120	73.4	18.0	0.031 7		5.90E-05		0.212 0
140	74.9	21.0	0.029 8		5.97E-05		0.272 0
160	76.3	24.0	0.028 2		6.03E-05		0.325 1
180	77.8	27.0	0.026 6		6.08E-05		0.374 1
200	79.3	30.0	0.025 2		6.12E-05		0.419 5
220	80.7	33.0	0.024		6.17E-05		0.461 6
240	82.2	36.0	0.022 7		6.20E-05		0.500 8
260	83.6	39.0	0.020 8		6.23E-05		0.537 3
280	85.1	42.0	0.021 6		6.26E-05		0.571 0
300	86.5	45.0	0.005 9		6.29E-05		0.603 8
306	87.0	45.9	—		6.29E-05		0.613 3

深度/ m	温度/ ℃	压力/ bar	CO₂脱气量/ (mol·kg^-1)	CaCO₃ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)	BaSO₄ 结垢量/ (g·L^-1)
0	34.1	1	0.051 2	0.060 9	2.14E-05
20	35.3	3	0.071 8		2.28E-05
40	36.5	6	0.065 8		2.55E-05
60	37.7	9	0.060 3		2.75E-05
80	38.9	12	0.055 2		2.92E-05
100	40.1	15	0.050 7		3.05E-05
120	41.3	18	0.046 5		3.15E-05
140	42.5	21	0.042 7		3.24E-05
160	43.8	24	0.039 1		3.31E-05
180	45.0	27	0.035 9		3.37E-05
200	46.2	30	0.033		3.42E-05
220	47.4	33	0.030 3		3.46E-05
240	48.6	36	0.027 8		3.54E-05
260	49.8	39	0.025 5		3.89E-05
280	51.0	42	—		3.55E-05

[1]	DAI Chuanshan, LIU Dongxi, LI Jiashu, LEI Haiyan, CHEN Shuhuan, CHEN Qianhan, WANG Qilong. Single-well in-situ heat extraction technology—a review and perspectives [J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(6): 204-214.
[2]	YANG Ke-Min, HU Beng, DANG Xiao-Chun. A discussion on the generating mechanism of 1976 Tangshan earthquake based on the geologic structure of northern Huabei Basin. [J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2010, 17(5): 263-270.