Mineral surface reaction constraints on the formation of ion-adsorption rare earth element deposits

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.8

Abstract

Abstract:

The ion-adsorption rare earth element (IAR) deposits in South China produce more than 90% of the world’s heavy rare earth elements (HREEs). They are a key strategic metal resource of China. Thus, a better understanding of the metallogenic mechanism and resource characteristics of IAR deposits can provide a theoretical basis for increasing REE reserves and better utilization of REE resources. The IAR deposits are mainly developed in the weathering crusts of REE-rich granite, epimetamorphic and volcanic rocks. The REE-bearing minerals in protolith are the main sources of REE cations in weathering crust, where mineral association greatly determines the concentration and fractionation characteristics of REEs. Under physical/chemical weathering and microbial action, the dissolution of rock-forming minerals, REE-bearing minerals and REE minerals results in the activation and re-enrichment of REEs. On one hand, weathering of protolith produces clay minerals and Fe-Mn (hydr)oxides with a large specific surface area and high surface charge density. On the other hand, these secondary minerals can adsorb REE cations via ion exchange, surface adsorption/complexation or formation of secondary REE minerals. The adsorption mechanism, enrichment-fractionation characteristics and occurrence state of REEs are affected by mineral types, pH and microbial activity. By using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) coupled with selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS), the atomic occurrence state of REEs can be determined. In the future, more attention should be paid to research areas including the association of REE-bearing minerals in protoliths and its evolutionary pathway and mechanism, the constraints of microbial weathering on the formation of IAR deposits, and the microscopic occurrence state of REEs.

Key words: ion-adsorption type rare earth element deposit, mineral dissolution, mineral evolution, enrichment and fractionation of rare earth elements, microbial weathering, mineral surface reaction

CLC Number:

P618.7
P595

LIANG Xiaoliang, TAN Wei, MA Lingya, ZHU Jianxi, HE Hongping. Mineral surface reaction constraints on the formation of ion-adsorption rare earth element deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 29-41.

Figures/Tables 8

References 103

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基岩类型	岩性	(含)稀土矿物	典型矿床
花岗岩类	黑/白云母花岗岩	独居石、氟碳钙钇矿、硅钍钇矿、锆石、磷灰石、磷钇矿、钛铁矿、烧绿石等	江西省足洞矿区^[5]
	花岗闪长岩	独居石、锆石、磷灰石等	赣南清溪岩体稀土矿区^[14]
	石英正长/二长岩	独居石、榍石、锆石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿等	福建龙岩万安稀土矿区^[15]
	花岗斑岩	独居石、褐帘石、磁铁矿、磷灰石、锆石等	广东省仁居矿区^[16]
变质岩类	板岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿、含稀土金红石	江西宁都葛藤嘴地区^[17,18]
	千枚岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿
	片岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿、磷铝酸盐类、褐帘石
	变砂岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷铝酸盐、水磷酸盐、褐帘石
	变质凝灰岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土金红石、含稀土绿泥石、含稀土钍石、方铈石
	变粒岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土绿泥石
火山岩类	流纹岩/英安岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷灰石等	江西省寻乌河岭矿区^[19]
碱性岩类	碱性正长岩	独居石、磷钇矿、烧绿石、水磷镧石、水磷铈石、水菱钇矿、氟碳镧矿等	云南省建水普雄铌稀土矿^[20]

基岩类型	岩性	(含)稀土矿物	典型矿床
花岗岩类	黑/白云母花岗岩	独居石、氟碳钙钇矿、硅钍钇矿、锆石、磷灰石、磷钇矿、钛铁矿、烧绿石等	江西省足洞矿区^[5]
	花岗闪长岩	独居石、锆石、磷灰石等	赣南清溪岩体稀土矿区^[14]
	石英正长/二长岩	独居石、榍石、锆石、磁铁矿、钛铁矿等	福建龙岩万安稀土矿区^[15]
	花岗斑岩	独居石、褐帘石、磁铁矿、磷灰石、锆石等	广东省仁居矿区^[16]
变质岩类	板岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿、含稀土金红石	江西宁都葛藤嘴地区^[17,18]
	千枚岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿
	片岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土钛铁矿、磷铝酸盐类、褐帘石
	变砂岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷铝酸盐、水磷酸盐、褐帘石
	变质凝灰岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土金红石、含稀土绿泥石、含稀土钍石、方铈石
	变粒岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、含稀土绿泥石
火山岩类	流纹岩/英安岩	独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷灰石等	江西省寻乌河岭矿区^[19]
碱性岩类	碱性正长岩	独居石、磷钇矿、烧绿石、水磷镧石、水磷铈石、水菱钇矿、氟碳镧矿等	云南省建水普雄铌稀土矿^[20]

(含)稀土矿物	微生物菌种	参考文献
三水铝石	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)	[36]
氟碳铈矿	链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.)	[37]
	微球菌属(Micrococcus sp.)
	小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp.)
独居石	曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.)	[38]
	假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)	[34]
	芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)	[39]
	产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)	[40]
	拟青霉属(Paecilomyces sp.)	[41]
	醋杆菌属(Acetobacter sp.)	[39]
	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)	[42]
锆石	嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus sp.)	[43]
锆石	甲醇醋杆菌(Acetobacter methanolicus)	[44]

(含)稀土矿物	微生物菌种	参考文献
三水铝石	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)	[36]
氟碳铈矿	链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.)	[37]
	微球菌属(Micrococcus sp.)
	小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp.)
独居石	曲霉菌属(Aspergillus sp.)	[38]
	假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)	[34]
	芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)	[39]
	产气肠杆菌(Enterobacter aerogenes)	[40]
	拟青霉属(Paecilomyces sp.)	[41]
	醋杆菌属(Acetobacter sp.)	[39]
	嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)	[42]
锆石	嗜酸硫杆菌属(Acidithiobacillus sp.)	[43]
锆石	甲醇醋杆菌(Acetobacter methanolicus)	[44]