Fluid evolution of iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits in the basin inversion setting, North Xinjiang: constraints from halogen and noble gas composition of fluid inclusions

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.4.3

Abstract

Abstract:

Represented by the Laoshankou, Qiaoxiahala and Heijianshan deposits, the northern margin of East Junggar and the Yamansu belt of East Tianshan are two important potential belts for iron oxide Cu-Au (IOCG) mineralization in North Xinjiang. All IOCG deposits in these two regions formed in a basin inversion setting and show significant two-stage mineralization. In this study, we used halogen and noble gases as reliable tracers to track the fluid sources and evolution of these deposits. The results showed that three different fluid end members are mainly involved in the mineralization processes of the three deposits: (1) the magmatic hydrothermal fluid, with I/Cl, Br/Cl and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of (16.3-18.0)×10^-6, (1.03-1.06)×10^-3 and 352-437, respectively, in the magnetite stage of the Heijianshan deposit; (2) surface-derived basin brine by seawater evaporation, with I/Cl, Br/Cl and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of (77.1-87.7)×10^-6, (1.53-1.80)×10^-3and 672-883, respectively, in the copper-gold stage of the Laoshankou deposit; and (3) basin brine or formation water by water-rocks reaction and evaporate dissolution, with I/Cl, Br/Cl and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar ratios of (477-26 301)×10^-6, (0.39-1.28)×10^-3and 288-510, respectively, as the main mineralizing fluids in the magnetite stage of the Laoshankou and Qiaoxiahala deposits and for the Cu-Au mineralization of the Qiaoxiahala and Heijianshan deposits. The obvious multi-stage mineralization and involvement of Ca-rich hypersaline non-magmatic brines in the Cu-Au stage in the iron oxide Cu-Au deposits in North Xinjiang resemble the characteristics of other IOCG type deposits in the world.

Key words: fluid evolution, iron oxide-Cu-Au deposit, halogen, noble gas, North Xinjiang

CLC Number:

P611
P595

LIANG Pei, CHEN Huayong, ZHAO Liandang, Kendrick MARK, JIANG Hongjun, ZHANG Weifeng, WU Chao, XIE Yuling. Fluid evolution of iron oxide-Cu-Au (IOCG) deposits in the basin inversion setting, North Xinjiang: constraints from halogen and noble gas composition of fluid inclusions[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(3): 239-253.

Figures/Tables 12

References 77

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矿床	阶段	样品号	采样位置	描述
黑尖山	Stage H-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	HJ13-003	露天主采坑底部	块状磁铁矿-赤铁矿-石英矿石
黑尖山	Stage H-Ⅲ黄铁矿蚀变阶段	HJ13-001	露天主采坑底部	块状磁铁矿-赤铁矿-石英矿石
乔夏哈拉	Stage Q-Ⅲ磁铁矿矿化阶段	QX-053	N46°48'20.19″, E89°39'50.27″	破碎带中的石英-钾长石脉
	Stage Q-Ⅴ黄铜矿矿化阶段	QX-009	N46°48'57.72″, E89°39'10.88″	破碎带中的石英-方解石-孔雀石脉
	Stage Q-Ⅴ黄铜矿矿化阶段	QX-014	N46°48'54.18″, E89°39'20.51″	围岩中的石英-方解石-孔雀石脉
老山口	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS-024	N46°28'14.82″; E90° 6'3.98″	火山岩中的条带状夕卡岩-磁铁矿带
	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS14-029	五号矿井第3巷道	浸染状磁铁矿-绿帘石矿石
	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS14-065	五号矿井第7巷道	块状的磁铁矿-绿帘石矿石
	Stage L-Ⅲ金属硫化物阶段	LS14-038	五号矿井第5巷道	火山岩中的绿帘石-黄铁矿脉
	Stage L-Ⅲ金属硫化物阶段	LS14-056	五号矿井第7巷道	块状磁铁矿中的绿帘石-黄铁矿脉

矿床	阶段	样品号	采样位置	描述
黑尖山	Stage H-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	HJ13-003	露天主采坑底部	块状磁铁矿-赤铁矿-石英矿石
黑尖山	Stage H-Ⅲ黄铁矿蚀变阶段	HJ13-001	露天主采坑底部	块状磁铁矿-赤铁矿-石英矿石
乔夏哈拉	Stage Q-Ⅲ磁铁矿矿化阶段	QX-053	N46°48'20.19″, E89°39'50.27″	破碎带中的石英-钾长石脉
	Stage Q-Ⅴ黄铜矿矿化阶段	QX-009	N46°48'57.72″, E89°39'10.88″	破碎带中的石英-方解石-孔雀石脉
	Stage Q-Ⅴ黄铜矿矿化阶段	QX-014	N46°48'54.18″, E89°39'20.51″	围岩中的石英-方解石-孔雀石脉
老山口	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS-024	N46°28'14.82″; E90° 6'3.98″	火山岩中的条带状夕卡岩-磁铁矿带
	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS14-029	五号矿井第3巷道	浸染状磁铁矿-绿帘石矿石
	Stage L-Ⅱ磁铁矿矿化阶段	LS14-065	五号矿井第7巷道	块状的磁铁矿-绿帘石矿石
	Stage L-Ⅲ金属硫化物阶段	LS14-038	五号矿井第5巷道	火山岩中的绿帘石-黄铁矿脉
	Stage L-Ⅲ金属硫化物阶段	LS14-056	五号矿井第7巷道	块状磁铁矿中的绿帘石-黄铁矿脉

样品号	矿物	Br/Cl (10^-3)	I/Cl (10^-6)	Br/I	K/Cl	Ca/Cl	⁴⁰Ar_E/Cl (10^-6)	Cl/³⁶Ar (10⁶)	w(NaCl)_Max/%	⁴⁰Ar_E (10^-6)	³⁶Ar (10^-9)	⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar (initial)	⁸⁴Kr/³⁶Ar	¹³⁰Xe/³⁶Ar (10^-3)	¹²⁹Xe/³⁶Ar (10^-3)	F(⁸⁴Kr)	F(¹³⁰Xe)	F(¹²⁹Xe)	K/³⁶Ar (10⁶)	⁴⁰Ar^*/K (10^-3)	分阶段表观年龄/Ma
黑尖山(本文)
Stage H-II
HJ-003	石英	1.05	18	58.3	0.03		1.91	29.7	56	0.01	181	352	0.02	0.2	1.15	1.06	1.8	1.57	0.86	0.07	3 303
HJ-003	石英	1.03	16.9	60.6	0.02		1.63	49	56	0.01	212	375	0.02	0.21	1.21	1.12	1.86	1.66	1.19	0.07	3 334
HJ-003	石英	1.05	16.4	64.1	0.03	0.27	1.47	65.2	56	0.01	235	391	0.02	0.24	1.32	1.14	2.09	1.81	1.95	0.05	2 867
HJ-003	石英	1.06	16.3	65.2	0.03	0.79	1.57	89.8	56	0.01	219	437	0.03	0.27	1.54	1.3	2.42	2.1	2.52	0.06	3 060
HJ-003 av.	石英	1.05	16.9	62.1	0.03	0.53	1.64	58.4	56	0.01	212	389	0.02	0.23	1.31	1.15	2.04	1.78	1.63	0.06	3 141
Stage H-III
HJ-001	石英	0.39	3 958	0.1	0.12	160		1.04	34.7	0.03		292	0.02	0.21	1.2	1.16	1.89	1.64	0.13
HJ-001	石英	0.69	10 510	0.07	0.23	729		1.37	34.7	0.05		288	0.02	0.22	1.21	1.1	1.92	1.65	0.31
HJ-001	石英	1.28	26 301	0.05	0.22	2 669		2.55	34.7	0.05			0.03	0.26	1.51	1.3		2.06	0.55
HJ-001 av.	石英	0.79	13 590	0.07	0.19	1 186		1.65	34.7	0.04		290	0.02	0.23	1.3	1.19	1.9	1.78	0.33
乔夏哈拉(另文发表)
Stage Q-III
QX-053 av.	石英	1.22	3 759	0.32	0.09	—	44.6	4.76	14.7	0.01	2.04	510	0.02	0.17	1.14	0.96	1.5	1.56	0.48	0.56	6 775
Stage Q-IV
QX-009 av.	方解石	1	477	2.08	0.39	189	42.9	1.75	15.3	0.04	2.29	370	0.03	0.29	1.71	1.22	2.57	2.34	0.7	0.13	4 243
QX-14 av.	方解石	1	907	1.13	0.2	345	50.4	1.12	15.3	0.02	1.9	351	0.03	0.23	1.49	1.25	2.05	2.03	0.2	0.32	5 737
QX-014(dup) av.	方解石	1.13	1 042	1.09	0.22	319	61.8	1.26	15.3	0.02	1.52	374	0.02	0.18	1.16	1.07	1.56	1.59	0.25	0.31	2 573
老山口(另文发表)
Stage L-II
LS-024 av.	绿帘石	1.96	127	15.4	0.24	7.21	9.96	19	15.7	1.07	5.34	492	0.02	0.15	0.88	1.1	1.33	1.2	4.52	0.06	2 754
LS14-029 av.	绿帘石	1.49	82.8	18	0.1	6.42	11.3	24	15.7	1.21	4.22	566	0.02	0.11	1.01	0.97	1.02	1.38	2.49	0.12	4 150
LS14-065 av.	绿帘石	1.45	76.5	19	0.12	8.23	12.1	37.6	15.7	1.3	2.64	749	0.03	0.22	1.86	1.33	1.94	2.55	4.59	0.1	3 974
Stage L-III
LS14-038 av.	绿帘石	1.8	87.7	20.6	0.16	11.8	15.1	39.4	21.2	2.18	3.4	883	0.02	0.2	1.33	1.16	1.81	1.82	6.29	0.1	3 924
LS14-056 av.	绿帘石	1.53	77.1	19.9	0.42	21.3	28.6	13.2	21.2	4.14	9.92	672	0.02	0.18	1.25	1.1	1.76	1.71	5.45	0.12	3 711

样品号	矿物	Br/Cl (10^-3)	I/Cl (10^-6)	Br/I	K/Cl	Ca/Cl	⁴⁰Ar_E/Cl (10^-6)	Cl/³⁶Ar (10⁶)	w(NaCl)_Max/%	⁴⁰Ar_E (10^-6)	³⁶Ar (10^-9)	⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar (initial)	⁸⁴Kr/³⁶Ar	¹³⁰Xe/³⁶Ar (10^-3)	¹²⁹Xe/³⁶Ar (10^-3)	F(⁸⁴Kr)	F(¹³⁰Xe)	F(¹²⁹Xe)	K/³⁶Ar (10⁶)	⁴⁰Ar^*/K (10^-3)	分阶段表观年龄/Ma
黑尖山(本文)
Stage H-II
HJ-003	石英	1.05	18	58.3	0.03		1.91	29.7	56	0.01	181	352	0.02	0.2	1.15	1.06	1.8	1.57	0.86	0.07	3 303
HJ-003	石英	1.03	16.9	60.6	0.02		1.63	49	56	0.01	212	375	0.02	0.21	1.21	1.12	1.86	1.66	1.19	0.07	3 334
HJ-003	石英	1.05	16.4	64.1	0.03	0.27	1.47	65.2	56	0.01	235	391	0.02	0.24	1.32	1.14	2.09	1.81	1.95	0.05	2 867
HJ-003	石英	1.06	16.3	65.2	0.03	0.79	1.57	89.8	56	0.01	219	437	0.03	0.27	1.54	1.3	2.42	2.1	2.52	0.06	3 060
HJ-003 av.	石英	1.05	16.9	62.1	0.03	0.53	1.64	58.4	56	0.01	212	389	0.02	0.23	1.31	1.15	2.04	1.78	1.63	0.06	3 141
Stage H-III
HJ-001	石英	0.39	3 958	0.1	0.12	160		1.04	34.7	0.03		292	0.02	0.21	1.2	1.16	1.89	1.64	0.13
HJ-001	石英	0.69	10 510	0.07	0.23	729		1.37	34.7	0.05		288	0.02	0.22	1.21	1.1	1.92	1.65	0.31
HJ-001	石英	1.28	26 301	0.05	0.22	2 669		2.55	34.7	0.05			0.03	0.26	1.51	1.3		2.06	0.55
HJ-001 av.	石英	0.79	13 590	0.07	0.19	1 186		1.65	34.7	0.04		290	0.02	0.23	1.3	1.19	1.9	1.78	0.33
乔夏哈拉(另文发表)
Stage Q-III
QX-053 av.	石英	1.22	3 759	0.32	0.09	—	44.6	4.76	14.7	0.01	2.04	510	0.02	0.17	1.14	0.96	1.5	1.56	0.48	0.56	6 775
Stage Q-IV
QX-009 av.	方解石	1	477	2.08	0.39	189	42.9	1.75	15.3	0.04	2.29	370	0.03	0.29	1.71	1.22	2.57	2.34	0.7	0.13	4 243
QX-14 av.	方解石	1	907	1.13	0.2	345	50.4	1.12	15.3	0.02	1.9	351	0.03	0.23	1.49	1.25	2.05	2.03	0.2	0.32	5 737
QX-014(dup) av.	方解石	1.13	1 042	1.09	0.22	319	61.8	1.26	15.3	0.02	1.52	374	0.02	0.18	1.16	1.07	1.56	1.59	0.25	0.31	2 573
老山口(另文发表)
Stage L-II
LS-024 av.	绿帘石	1.96	127	15.4	0.24	7.21	9.96	19	15.7	1.07	5.34	492	0.02	0.15	0.88	1.1	1.33	1.2	4.52	0.06	2 754
LS14-029 av.	绿帘石	1.49	82.8	18	0.1	6.42	11.3	24	15.7	1.21	4.22	566	0.02	0.11	1.01	0.97	1.02	1.38	2.49	0.12	4 150
LS14-065 av.	绿帘石	1.45	76.5	19	0.12	8.23	12.1	37.6	15.7	1.3	2.64	749	0.03	0.22	1.86	1.33	1.94	2.55	4.59	0.1	3 974
Stage L-III
LS14-038 av.	绿帘石	1.8	87.7	20.6	0.16	11.8	15.1	39.4	21.2	2.18	3.4	883	0.02	0.2	1.33	1.16	1.81	1.82	6.29	0.1	3 924
LS14-056 av.	绿帘石	1.53	77.1	19.9	0.42	21.3	28.6	13.2	21.2	4.14	9.92	672	0.02	0.18	1.25	1.1	1.76	1.71	5.45	0.12	3 711

对比内容		黑尖山矿床	老山口矿床	乔夏哈拉矿床	海相火山岩型铁铜矿床	夕卡岩型铁铜矿床 (Skarn)	中安第斯IOCG矿床
构造环境		盆地闭合 (弧盆转化体制)	大洋岛弧环境 (弧盆转化体制)	大洋岛弧环境 (弧盆转化体制下)	俯冲背景下的大陆弧环境	岛弧、弧后盆地、大陆边缘弧环境	大陆边缘弧后盆地倒转环境
赋矿围岩		马头滩组凝灰岩和角砾凝灰岩	北塔山组玄武-安山质火山岩及火山角砾岩	北塔山组火山岩和沉积岩	海相火山岩、次火山岩、火山沉积岩	富Ca或富Mg火山岩为主,并存在碎屑沉积岩或灰岩、大理岩等碳酸盐岩	玄武-安山质火山熔岩、凝灰岩、火山角砾岩、沉积岩和中-酸性侵入岩
岩浆活动	岩石类型	中-酸性侵入体	闪长玢岩(准铝质、钙碱性-钾玄质)	闪长玢岩(准铝质、钙碱性-钾玄质)	中-酸性侵入体	钙碱性、准铝质中酸性侵入岩	准铝质-弱过铝质、钙碱性-高钾钙碱性系列中酸性侵入岩为主,少数为基性岩墙
岩浆活动	成矿相关性	与矿化无明显的时空关系	与矿化具有紧密的时空关系,存在一定关联	与矿化具有紧密的时空关系,存在一定关联	与矿化无明显时空关系,矿体和夕卡岩并不产在中酸性岩体和碳酸盐岩的接触带	与矿化具有紧密的时空关系	与矿体缺乏直接空间接触关系,但部分矿床的矿体赋存于岩体中
控矿构造		断裂切割矿体,断裂构造控矿不明显	断裂切割矿体,断裂构造控矿不明显	断裂构造控制明显	火山构造控制明显	受褶皱、断裂控制明显	受断裂构造控制明显
矿石类型		层状、似层状矿体含块状、浸染状、角砾状和脉状矿石	层状、透镜状矿体含块状、条带状、脉状和浸染状矿石	似层状、透镜状矿体含块状、条带状、角砾状、脉状和浸染状矿石	脉状、层状、透镜状、板状、条带状矿体含块状、细脉浸染状矿石	层状、透镜状、脉状矿体含块状、浸染状、脉状矿石	脉状或多期脉状、层状矿体含块状、条带状、角砾状矿石
矿化分带		铁、铜-金矿化分带明显	明显,上铁下铜,即上部磁铁矿矿体,下部铜-金矿体	明显,上铁下铜,即上部磁铁矿矿体,中部含铜金磁铁矿矿体,下部铜-金矿体	不明显,主体铁矿体	明显,自内向外依次为岩体、内夕卡岩与磁铁矿化、外夕卡岩与硫化物、灰岩	铁、铜-金矿化分带明显,并具有明显不同的矿化组合
蚀变- 矿化组合		(1)Ca-Mg蚀变;(2)Fe矿化阶段为磁铁矿-角闪石-石英+钾长石组合;(3)Cu(-Au)矿化阶段为黄铜矿-石英-绿泥石组合+银金矿+赤铁矿	(1)Ca硅酸盐阶段,包含钙石榴子石、辉石夕卡岩等,钠、钾化微弱;(2)Fe矿化阶段整体以磁铁矿-绿帘石-角闪石组合为主;(3)Cu-Au矿化阶段以黄铜矿(磁铁矿?)-角闪石-绿泥石-方解石组合为主	早期广泛发育石榴子石夕卡岩和绿帘石-角闪石夕卡岩,钠化不明显,存在明显钾化并与磁铁矿共生,整体仍以绿帘石化为主,存在磁铁矿-磷灰石-钾长石-石英-绿帘石矿物组合;后期存在晚期磁体矿化以磁铁矿-石榴子石-石英-黄铁矿-方解石组合为主;铜矿化阶段为黄铜矿-绿泥石-石英组合	钠长石化(少数出现钾长石化)、夕卡岩化、湿夕卡岩化或退化蚀变(磁铁矿矿化阶段,绿泥石化和绿帘石化为主)、硫化物矿化以及石英-碳酸盐化;以低钛磁铁矿为主,有少量黄铁矿、黄铜矿和磁黄铁矿	早夕卡岩阶段发育钙或镁石榴石、辉石等;退夕卡岩阶段发育角闪石、绿帘石等,即磁铁矿-退夕卡岩组合;其后发育石英-硫化物矿物组合;侵入体自身普遍发育钠化,沉积岩发生接触热变质作用	普遍存在Na和Na-Ca化,且多位于深部更远离矿体端,个别矿体缺乏钾化或钠化;存在大量的磁铁矿和赤铁矿矿化以及经济品位的铜、金,其中铁矿化为磁铁矿-黑云母-钾长石和角闪石组合(少数出现石榴石、辉石、钠长石、绢云母、绿帘石、绿泥石等)以及赤铁矿-绢云母-绿泥石组合(发育或不发育钾化蚀变),矿体深部铜金矿化为富铜硫化物-方解石组合
成矿流体特征		Fe矿化阶段为高温(590 ℃) Na-Ca-Mg-Fe体系;Cu(-Au)矿化阶段为中温(240 ℃)Ca-Mg体系	磁铁矿阶段:高温(529 ℃)、中盐度(约15.7%)、富Mg/Fe流体;铜-金阶段:中温(279 ℃)、低盐度(8%~12%)、富Na流体和中温、中盐度(14%~18%)、富Mg/Fe或Ca流体混合	磁铁矿阶段:高温(520 ℃)、低-中盐度(10%~15%)、富Mg/Fe;磁铁矿-硫化物阶段:中-高温(431 ℃)、低-中盐度(2%~12%)、富Mg/Fe;铜-金阶段:低-中温(270 ℃)、低-中盐度(4%~16%)、富Ca或富Na流体	成矿流体由早期到晚期,温度由高到低,盐度由高到低	早夕卡岩阶段主要为高温(>500 ℃)、高盐度(>50%)原始岩浆流体,退夕卡岩阶段和主成矿阶段多为中温(约300 ℃)、中盐度(<25%)岩浆流体,之后向大气降水和沉积岩方向演化	铁矿化阶段:高温(>400 ℃)、高盐度、富Na或Fe/Mg流体;铜-金阶段:低温(100~450 ℃)、高盐度、富Ca或富Na岩浆或非岩浆流体
流体与成矿物质来源		Fe矿化阶段:主要为岩浆热液流体;Cu(-Au)矿化阶段:盆地卤水与火山岩地层反应	存在明显多源流体混合:钙硅酸盐阶段,岩浆流体;磁铁矿阶段,海水加入到岩浆流体中;铜-金阶段,海水蒸发盆地盐卤水;后期脉,大气降水	存在明显多源流体混合:夕卡岩阶段,岩浆流体;磁铁矿阶段,海水加入到岩浆流体中;磁铁矿-硫化物阶段,地层水;铜金阶段,富有机质地层水;后期脉,大气降水	成矿流体早期以岩浆水为主,晚期海水占的比例增大	成矿流体主要为岩浆流体,也具有其他变质流体、大气降水或盆地卤水的加入	存在广泛的卤水混入以及碳酸组分:铁矿化阶段主要为岩浆流体或其他流体与围岩水-岩反应;铜-金阶段通常为富Ca海水或盆地卤水,富或不含CO₂
参考文献		本文和[16]	本文和[6]	本文和[7]	[71-72]	[73-74]	[75-77]