图1 晚始新世(约42 Ma)沿南北向转换断层转变为俯冲带的IBM洋内弧系统的构造简图(据文献[4])

Fig.1 Structural schematic diagram of the IBM intra-oceanic arc system, which transitioned into a subduction zone along a north-south transform fault during the Late Eocene (~42 Ma). Adapted from [4].

图2 垂直于转换断层/洋沟的地壳和上地幔剖面,表示IBM洋内弧俯冲作用开始之前(A)和俯冲作用开始之后(B)的构造,C为老洋壳-上地幔与幼年弧洋壳-上地幔连接处的地质关系(据文献[4])

Fig.2 The profiles of crust and upper mantle perpendicular to the transform fault/oceanic trench, representing the tectonic structures before (A) and after (B) the initiation of IBM intra-oceanic arc subduction. C represents the geological relationship at the junction between the old oceanic crust-upper mantle and the infant arc oceanic crust-upper mantle. Adapted from [4].

图3 垂直于IBM幼年弧的剖面(据文献[4])

Fig.3 The profile perpendicular to the infant arc of IBM. Adapted from [4].

图4 西北加利福尼亚晚侏罗世蛇绿岩与有关岩石分布简图(据文献[4])

Fig.4 The schematic diagram of Late Jurassic ophiolite and related rocks in Northwest California. Adapted from [4].

图5 马里亚纳-小笠原和加利福尼亚系统的幼年弧之前、幼年弧和成熟弧阶段的比较(据文献[4]) 图例同图2和图3,IDS=独立岩墙群。

Fig.5 Comparison among before the infant arc, infant arc and mature arc of the Mariana-Bonin and California systems. Adapted from [4].

图6 IBM弧前岩石圈与Troodos(Cyprus)和Semail(Oman)蛇绿岩的地层示意剖面的对比(据文献[7])

Fig.6 Comparison of stratigraphic profiles between IBM fore-arc lithosphere and Troodos (Cyprus) and Semail (Oman) ophiolites. Adapted from [7].

图7 Nazca洋板块与南美大陆板块之间俯冲会聚系统概略图(引自文献[8])

Fig.7 Overview of the subduction convergence system between the Nazca oceanic plate and the South American continental plate. Adapted from [8].

图8 实验1:镶嵌洋高原的大洋板块向自由的上盘板块俯冲(据文献[8])

Fig.8 Experiment 1: the oceanic plate carrying an oceanic plateau subducts into the free overriding plat. Adapted from [8].

图9 实验4:有活塞(piston)向洋沟推进的上盘板块的俯冲模拟实验(据文献[8])

Fig.9 Experiment 4: Simulation experiment on subduction of an upper plate advancing towards the ocean trench via a piston mechanism. Adapted from [8].

图10 平板俯冲模拟过程的演化应用于安第斯俯冲带的简图(据文献[8])

Fig.10 Schematic sketches showing evolution of the flat slab subduction process illustrated by analog models, applied to the Andean subduction zone. Adapted from [8].

图11 平板俯冲热模拟(据文献[11])

Fig.11 Thermal simulation of flat-slab subduction. Adapted from [11].

图12 由有浮力的加厚的洋高原的俯冲诱发的三阶段(从陡俯冲到平板俯冲)的演化与弧岩浆作用(据文献[11]) 图中等值线数值单位为℃。

Fig.12 Three-stage evolution( from steep to flat subduction ) and arc magmatism due to subduction of buoyant, overthickened oceanic crust. Adapted from [11].

图13 活动洋中脊与洋沟正交时的俯冲与板片窗形成(据文献[13])

Fig.13 Slab window formed by orthogonal intersection between a spreading ridge and a trench. Adapted from [13].

图14 活动洋脊-转换断层分段系统与洋沟正交时的俯冲与复合板片窗形成(据文献[13])

Fig.14 Slab window formed by orthogonal subduction of segmented ridge-transform systems. Adapted from [13].

图15 俯冲角对活动洋脊与洋沟正交时形成的板片窗的影响(据文献[13])

Fig.15 Effects of slab dip angle on slab window produced by orthogohal intersection between ridge and trench. Adapted from [13].

图16 不同的板片俯冲倾角不同,以及脊与沟斜交时,复合板片窗的形成(据文献[13])

Fig.16 Formation of composite slab window when ridge and trench intersect obliquely,by different slab dip angles. Adapted from [13].

图17 不同俯冲倾角的板片之间的活动洋中脊的板片窗与岩浆活动(据文献[13])

Fig.17 Slab window and magmatism between slabs of different dip angles. Adapted from [13].

图18 与洋沟斜交的活动洋中脊俯冲形成的板片窗的移动给予的可能的岩浆效应(据文献[13])

Fig.18 Possible magmatic effects from migration of a slab window formed by subduction of an active ridge relative oblique to an oceanic trench. Adapted from [13].

图19 智利三联点简图(据文献[14])

Fig.19 Regional simple map of Chile Triple Junction. Adapted from [14].

图20 与智利活动洋中脊俯冲有关的新近纪和第四纪近沟岩浆活动(据文献[14])

Fig.20 Neogene-Quaternary near-trench magmatic activity associated with subduction of the active Chile Mid-Ocean Ridge. Adapted from [14].

图21 Taitao半岛、Taitao脊、SSVZ和AVZ的长英质火山岩(即表1之类型5和6)的对比(据文献[14])

Fig.21 Comparison of felsic volcanic rocks from Taitao peninsula, Taitao ridge, SSVZ and AVZ (type 5 and 6 in Table 1). Adapted from [14].

图22 智利活动洋中脊俯冲产生的脊-沟相互作用的演化模型(据文献[16])

Fig.22 Evolution model of ridge-trench interaction caused by subduction of the Chile active ridge. Adapted from [15].

图23 南Patagonian碱性高原玄武岩的构造环境图(据文献[17])

Fig.23 Tectonic discrimination diagram for alkali plateau basalts of South Patagonian. Adapted from [17].

图24 Patagonian碱性高原玄武岩与前陆褶皱逆冲带的分布图(据文献[17])

Fig.24 Distribution map of alkaline plateau basalts of Patagonian and foreland fold-thrust belts. Adapted from [17].

图25 洋俯冲岩石圈的年龄与弧火山岩的Y或Yb的相关图解(据文献[23]) No.1: 巴拿马(Panama),EI Valle和La Yeguada火山(25 Ma);No.2: 智利Cook岛(22 Ma);No.3: 菲律宾,Paracale侵入岩(20 Ma);No.4: Austral安第斯(18 Ma);No.5: 阿留申,阿拉斯加(Alaska)拖网标本(15 Ma);No.6: 阿拉斯加Skagway岩基(10 Ma);No.7: 北Kamchatka(9 Ma);No.8: 墨西哥,Sierra Madre(6 Ma);No.9: 智利,Patagonia(5 Ma);No.10: Guatemaia,Los Chocoyous(4 Ma);No.11: Mount St Helens;No.12: 墨西哥,Baja of California(1 Ma);No.13: Woodlark盆地(0.5 Ma)。12个与>25 Ma洋岩石圈俯冲相关的第四纪弧火山岩名称及其相关的俯冲岩石圈的年龄(括号内数值单位为Ma)在图25上均已写出。

Fig.25 Diagram between subducted oceanic lithosphere age and Y/Yb contents in arc volcanic rocks. Adapted from [23].

图26 Sr/Y-Y图解(据文献[23]) 曲线上的数值代表熔融的程度(单位为%)。

Fig.26 Diagram of Sr/Y-Y. Adapted from [23].

图27 Nb/La-MgO(A)和Nb/U-Nb(B)图解(据文献[29])

Fig.27 Diagrams of Nb/La-MgO(A) and Nb/U-Nb(B). Adapted from [29].

图28 玄武质岩石的局部熔融的p-T(压力-温度)简图(据文献[19])

Fig.28 p-T (pressure-temperature) phase diagram for partial melting of basaltic rocks. Adapted from [19].

图29 洋俯冲带热模拟的构造模型(据文献[19])

Fig.29 Tectonic model of thermo simulation of oceanic subduction zones. Adapted from [19].

图30 不同年龄俯冲洋壳热模拟形成的热结(据文献[19])

Fig.30 Thermal structure derived from thermal simulation of subducting oceanic slabs with varying ages. Adapted from [19].

图31 Elder Creek TTD岩套形成的按比例尺描绘的模型(据文献[31])

Fig.31 Scale-constrainted formation model of Elder Creek TTD suite. Adapted from [31].