流体超压作用及与金属矿床成因

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.7.26

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 210-223.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.7.26

流体超压作用及与金属矿床成因

苏尚国¹(), 张雅南¹^,², 陈学根¹, 王文博¹^,³, 鲁鑫¹, 刘翠¹, 王鹏¹, 王跃¹, 郝金华¹, 杨宗锋¹, 薛松¹, 陈震¹, 张鑫炎¹, 刘应天¹, 李梦瞳¹, 王诚瑞¹, 崔晓亮⁴, 蒋校², 张波², 崔莹⁵, 李小伟¹^,^*(), 赵志丹¹^,^*()

1.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083
2.中国自然资源航空物探遥感中心, 北京 100083
3.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
4.河北工程大学, 河北 056009
5. Center for Environmental and Life Sciences, Montclair University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA

收稿日期:2025-07-15 修回日期:2025-07-28 出版日期:2025-11-25 发布日期:2025-11-12
通信作者: 李小伟,赵志丹
作者简介:苏尚国(1965—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事岩浆作用与岩浆矿床方面的教学及研究工作。E-mail: susg@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目“甘肃金川岩浆铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床铂族、钴和铬等战略性关键金属富集过程及富集机制”(92162213)

Fluid overpressure and its relationship with the genesis of metal deposits

SU Shangguo¹(), ZHANG Yanan¹^,², CHEN Xuegen¹, WANG Wenbo¹^,³, LU Xin¹, LIU Cui¹, WANG Peng¹, WANG Yue¹, HAO Jinhua¹, YANG Zongfeng¹, XUE Song¹, CHEN Zhen¹, ZHANG Xinyan¹, LIU Yingtian¹, LI Mengtong¹, WANG Chengrui¹, CUI Xiaoliang⁴, JIANG Xiao², ZHANG Bo², CUI Ying⁵, LI Xiaowei¹^,^*(), ZHAO Zhidan¹^,^*()

1. China University of Geosciences(Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. China Aero Geophysical Survey Remote Sensing Center of Natural Resources,Beijing 100083, China
3. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, China Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
4. Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056009, China
5. Center for Environmental and Life Sciences, Montclair University, 1 Normal Ave, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA

Received:2025-07-15 Revised:2025-07-28 Online:2025-11-25 Published:2025-11-12
Contact: LI Xiaowei, ZHAO Zhidan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

流体超压作用在金属矿床形成过程中发挥了关键控制作用。本文首次对流体超压的定义和类型进行总结,并报道了与流体超压密切相关的内蒙古欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床、金川岩浆铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床及武安南洺河铁矿床3个典型矿床。欧布拉格斑岩型铜金矿床中存在流体超压作用的主要证据包括非均质石榴石的冲击诱导纹理结构以及与硫化物共生且形成压力为14.5 kbar的多硅白云母存在;金川岩浆铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床中流体超压存在的证据包括橄榄石及早阶段形成的硫化物中大量存在的致密放射状裂隙;武安南洺河铁矿床存在的流体超压作用证据包括早阶段形成磁铁矿中放射状裂隙以及具多斑斑状结构的斜长斑岩的存在。同时这些矿床中都存在较多的隐爆角砾岩。本文还提出了根据流体超压作用进行成矿预测的模型,根据这一模型预计将大幅节约找矿勘探成本。本文还就流体超压作用研究面临的关键科学问题及今后发展方向进行了探讨。

关键词: 流体超压作用, 斑岩型铜金矿床, 岩浆铜镍(铂)硫化物矿床, 铁矿床

Abstract:

Fluid overpressure plays a key role in the formation of metal deposits. This paper presents the first systematic summary of the definitions and types of fluid overpressure, reporting three representative deposits closely associated with this mechanism: the Oulbulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit (Inner Mongolia), the Jinchuan magmatic Cu-Ni-(Pt) sulfide deposit (Gansu Province), and the Wuan Nanminghe iron deposit (Hebei Province). In the Oulbulage deposit, key evidence includes shock-induced textures in anisotropic garnet and phengite paragenetic with sulfides, which formed at 14.5 kbar. For the Jinchuan deposit, evidence includes dense radial fractures within early-formed sulfides and olivine. In the Wuan deposit, evidence comprises radial fractures in early-stage magnetite and plagioclase porphyry with multiple feldspar phenocrysts. Notably, cryptoexplosive breccias are widespread in all three deposits. Finally, the authors propose a fluid-overpressure-based mineralization prediction model that could significantly reduce exploration costs, and discuss key scientific challenges and future research directions.

Key words: fluid overpressure, porphyry copper-gold deposit, magmatic copper-nickel (platinum) sulfide deposit, Fe deposit

中图分类号:

P611

苏尚国, 张雅南, 陈学根, 王文博, 鲁鑫, 刘翠, 王鹏, 王跃, 郝金华, 杨宗锋, 薛松, 陈震, 张鑫炎, 刘应天, 李梦瞳, 王诚瑞, 崔晓亮, 蒋校, 张波, 崔莹, 李小伟, 赵志丹. 流体超压作用及与金属矿床成因[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(6): 210-223.

SU Shangguo, ZHANG Yanan, CHEN Xuegen, WANG Wenbo, LU Xin, LIU Cui, WANG Peng, WANG Yue, HAO Jinhua, YANG Zongfeng, XUE Song, CHEN Zhen, ZHANG Xinyan, LIU Yingtian, LI Mengtong, WANG Chengrui, CUI Xiaoliang, JIANG Xiao, ZHANG Bo, CUI Ying, LI Xiaowei, ZHAO Zhidan. Fluid overpressure and its relationship with the genesis of metal deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(6): 210-223.

图/表 10

图1 欧布拉格斑岩型Cu-Au矿床矿区地质图(据文献[7]修改)

Fig.1 Geological map of the Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit. Modified after [7].

图2 欧布拉格斑岩型Cu-Au矿床中石榴子石特征 a-c—非均质石榴子石与均质石榴子石关系图,核部为均质石榴子石(全消光),边部为非均质石榴子石(光学各向异性);d-f—非均质石榴子石与硫化物、方解石等共生。a, d—反射光显微照片;b, e—单偏光显微照片;c, f—正交偏光显微照片。A-Grt—非均质石榴子石;I-Grt—均质石榴子石;Cal—方解石;Ccp—黄铜矿。

Fig.2 Characteristics of garnet in ores in Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit

图3 欧布拉格斑岩型Cu-Au矿床中非均质石榴子石与均质石榴子石关系图 a—正交偏光显微照片;b—BSE照片;c—TIMA矿物相图;d-i—TIMA元素剖面图。A-Grt—非均质石榴子石;I-Grt—均质石榴子石。

Fig.3 Relationship of anisotropic and isotropic garnet in Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit

图4 欧布拉格斑岩型Cu-Au矿床矿石中多硅白云母特征 a-d, g, h—石英斑晶被多硅白云母切穿,白云母与方解石、磷灰石和金红石共生;a, e, f—多硅白云母与硫化物共生;i—石英斑岩中气孔发育,气孔周围为多硅白云母、方解石、铁白云石、磷灰石和金红石的集合体。a-c—正交偏光显微照片;d-f—BSE照片;g-i—TIMA矿物相图。Ab—钠长石;Ap—磷灰石;Fe-Dol—铁白云石;Kfs—钾长石;Phe—白云母;Py—黄铁矿;Pl—斜长石;Qz—石英;Rt—金红石;Sul—硫化物。

Fig.4 Characteristics of phengite in ores in Oubulage porphyry Cu-Au deposit

图5 金川矿床网状、浸染状矿石中裂隙特征网状矿石(a-c)与浸染状矿石(d-f)中网脉状微裂隙发育。

Fig.5 Fracture characteristics of minerals in the net and disseminated ores in the Jinchuan deposit

图6 金川矿床块状矿石中硫化物裂隙特征 a—反射光显微镜照片;b—TIMA矿物相图。Py—黄铁矿;Mag—磁铁矿。

Fig.6 Fracture characteristics of sulfide in massive ores in the Jinchuan deposit

图7 南铭河铁矿床块状矿石中磁铁矿Si元素剖面图(TIMA)

Fig.7 The magnetite mapping of Si element in massive ore in the Nanminghe Fe deposit

图8 南铭河铁矿床中磁铁矿微量元素蛛网图(a)和稀土元素配分图(b) (标准化数据引自[54])

Fig.8 The trace elements spider diagram of magnetite (a) and the distribution diagram of REE (b) in the Nanminghe Fe deposit

图9 南洺河铁矿床两类磁铁矿的铁同位素组成(据文献[48])

Fig.9 Iron isotope composition of two types of magnetite in the Nanminghe deposit. Adapted from [48].

图10 金属矿床勘探模型图 A—深部岩浆房硅酸盐岩浆与围岩反应,形成“矿浆”;B—由于“矿浆”的密度大,它不断在岩浆房底部堆积;C—深部含挥发分气体加入岩浆房,“矿浆”-气体相结合形成低密度的“含矿熔体-流体”,挥发分气体持续的加入使岩浆房系统中产生流体超压环境;D—由于流体超压,“含矿熔体-流体”沿岩浆通道运移上侵就位。

Fig.10 Exploration model diagram of metallic deposits

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流体超压作用及与金属矿床成因

Fluid overpressure and its relationship with the genesis of metal deposits

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