顺北地区走滑断裂带奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝分布预测与主控因素研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.6.27

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (5): 263-287.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.6.27

• 碳酸盐岩储层裂缝研究 • 上一篇下一篇

顺北地区走滑断裂带奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝分布预测与主控因素研究

李云涛¹^,²(), 丁文龙¹^,²^,^*(), 韩俊³, 黄诚³, 王来源³, 孟庆修³

1.中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院, 北京 100083
2.中国地质大学(北京) 海相储层演化与油气富集机理教育部重点实验室, 北京 100083
3.中国石油化工股份有限公司西北油田分公司勘探开发研究院, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830011

收稿日期:2023-11-15 修回日期:2024-05-22 出版日期:2024-09-25 发布日期:2024-10-11
通信作者: * 丁文龙(1965—),男,教授,博士生导师,石油地质学专业,长期从事“石油构造分析与控油气作用、非常规油气储层裂缝形成机制与定量表征及工程甜点评价”方面的教学与科研工作。E-mail: dingwenlong2006@126.com
作者简介:李云涛(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事走滑断裂发育特征与形成机制、储层裂缝识别与多参数分布预测等方面的研究工作。E-mail: liyuntao1230@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42372171);国家自然科学基金面上项目(42072173)

Fractures in Ordovician carbonate rocks in strike-slip fault zone, Shunbei area: Fracture distribution prediction and fracture controlling factors

LI Yuntao¹^,²(), DING Wenlong¹^,²^,^*(), HAN Jun³, HUANG Cheng³, WANG Laiyuan³, MENG Qingxiu³

1. School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Key Laboratory for Marine Reservoir Evolution and Hydrocarbon Abundance Mechanism (Ministry of Education), China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Exploration and Production Research Institute, Sinopec Northwest Oil Field Company, ürümqi 830011, China

Received:2023-11-15 Revised:2024-05-22 Online:2024-09-25 Published:2024-10-11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构造裂缝是碳酸盐岩的主要储集空间之一,能为致密灰岩提供油气运移的良好通道和储集空间。构造裂缝的发育受构造位置、岩性、地层厚度、温度、围压和构造破裂等多种因素的影响,其中区域构造应力场的局部构造应力导致的构造破裂是控制构造裂缝发育的主导因素。针对碳酸盐岩储层的特点与裂缝发育特征,采用在单井动态岩石力学参数标定下,基于三维地震数据体的岩石力学参数反演功能获取非均质岩石力学模型,以提升应力场模拟中模型力学参数的真实性和准确性;引入自适应边界条件约束方法,以自动获取模拟结果与实测结果误差最小时的最优边界条件,从而显著提升应力场模拟的精度与可靠性。并在此基础上,通过储层张破裂率、剪破裂率、综合破裂率、水平两向应力差、应力非均质系数和断裂面滑动趋势系数等参数,定量表征了SHB16号断裂带及邻区的储层裂缝发育特征与活动性。储层裂缝的发育特征与断裂的活动关系密切,故定性或定量研究了水平两向应力差、距断裂的距离和断裂的垂向活动强度等参数对储层裂缝发育特征的控制作用,用斯皮尔曼等级相关系数定量研究变量之间的相关性。在明确储层裂缝发育的控制因素的基础上,构建奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层规模储集体发育指标,将奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层划分为从最优至最差的I~IV类储集体,并明确了走滑断裂的变形方式和规模储集体发育程度的相关性,进一步建立了不同类型储集体中钻井奥陶系碳酸盐岩储集体发育的地质模式。该地质模式不仅提升了基于应力场模拟的裂缝发育特征及多参数分布定量预测的准确性和可靠性,而且对碳酸盐岩储层裂缝发育的控制因素的定性或定量研究、规模储集体发育指标的构建以及单井储集体发育的地质模式的建立、对碳酸盐岩储集体的勘探与开发进程的加快,具有重要的参考价值。

关键词: 顺北地区, 奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层, 构造应力场模拟, 裂缝多参数分布定量预测, 规模储集体定量评价

Abstract:

Tectonic fractures are one of main reservoir spaces in carbonate rocks, which can provide a good conduit for oil and gas transportation and reservoir space in tight limestone. The development of tectonic fractures is affected by various factors such as tectonic location, lithology, reservoir thickness, temperature, peripheral pressure and tectonic faulting, among which tectonic faulting caused by local tectonic stress in the regional tectonic stress field is an important factor controlling the development of tectonic fractures. In view of the characteristics of carbonate reservoirs and fracture development, we use the inversion function of rock mechanical parameters based on 3D seismic data volume, calibrated using dynamic rock mechanical parameters for a single well, to obtain a non-homogeneous rock mechanical model to improve the authenticity and accuracy of mechanical parameters in the model in the simulation of the stress field. Using the method of self-adaptive boundary condition constraint the optimal boundary conditions are automatically obtained when the error between the simulation and measured results is minimized, significantly improving the accuracy and reliability of the stress field simulation. On this basis, the fracture development characteristics and fracture activity in reserviors in the SHB16 fault zone and adjacent areas are quantitatively characterized using parameters including reservoir tensile rupture rate, shear rupture rate, comprehensive rupture rate, horizontal stress difference, stress difference coefficient, and sliding trend coefficient for the fault plane. We carried out qualitative and quantitative investigation into the effect of controlling parameters, such as horizontal stress difference, distance from faults and fault activity intensity in the vertical direction, on the fracture development characteristics; the correlations between variables were quatified using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. On the basis of clarifying the controlling factors of reservoir fracture development, we constructed the reservior development indexes for Ordovician carbonate reservoirs to classify the Ordovician carbonate reservoirs into categories I-IV from the best to the worst, and clarified the correlation between the deformation modes of the strike-slip faults and the degree of fracture development in sizable reserviors, further establishing the geologic model under different reservoir categories. The above results not only improve the accuracy and reliability of quantitative prediction of fracture development characteristics and multiparameter distribution rules based on stress field simulation, but also have significant importance for speeding up the exploration and development process of carbonate reservoirs.

Key words: Shunbei area, Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, tectonic stress field simulation, quantitative prediction of fracture multiparameter distribution, quantitative evaluation of reservoir scale

中图分类号:

李云涛, 丁文龙, 韩俊, 黄诚, 王来源, 孟庆修. 顺北地区走滑断裂带奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝分布预测与主控因素研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(5): 263-287.

LI Yuntao, DING Wenlong, HAN Jun, HUANG Cheng, WANG Laiyuan, MENG Qingxiu. Fractures in Ordovician carbonate rocks in strike-slip fault zone, Shunbei area: Fracture distribution prediction and fracture controlling factors[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(5): 263-287.

图/表 23

图1 塔里木盆地构造单元(a)、顺北地区及邻区走滑断裂系统(b)及地层格架(c)(b的位置见a;b据文献[4,5,11,26]补充修改;c据文献[4]补充修改)

Fig.1 (a) Tectonic units of the Tarim Basin, (b) strike-slip fault system in Shunbei and surrounding areas (modified after [4,5,11,26]); see a for location), and (c) stratigraphic framework (adapted from [4]).

图2 SHB16号断裂带在 T 7 4界面的展布特征和断裂带周缘的垂向主应力分布(a)以及与断裂带走向垂直的横剖面1~4的地层-断裂综合解释(b-e) 剖面1~4分别为b-e,位置见a,a的位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.2 Characteristics of SHB16 fault zone development. (a) Fault zone distribution at T 7 4 interface and vertical stress distribution in the study area. (b-e) Stratigraphic-strctural interpretation of cross sections 1-4 perpendicular to the strike of the fault zone (locations see a).

图3 顺北地区X4井奥陶系灰色泥晶灰岩高角度裂缝发育特征(a-d,观察的深度分别为6 932、6 934.88、6 936.91和6 937.12 m)和X5奥陶系灰色泥晶灰岩中-低角度裂缝发育特征(e-h,观察的深度分别为6 460.58、6 462.14、6 463.26和6 464.72 m)

Fig.3 Characteristics of Ordovician carbonates in Shunbei. (a-d) High-angle fracture developments in Ordovician gray mud-crystal limestone of well X4, at depths of 6932 m, 6934.88 m, 6936.91 m, and 6937.12 m, respectively. (e-h) Medium-low angle fracture developments in Ordovician gray mud-crystal limestone of well X5, at depths of 6460.58 m, 6462.14 m, 6463.26 m, and 6464.72 m, respectively.

图4 X4井(a)、X6井(b)、X5井(c)和X7井(d)中奥陶统一间房组的动态岩石力学参数测井计算结果钻井的位置见图2a。

Fig.4 Calculated dynamic rock mechanical parameters based on well logs in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in wells X4 (a), X6 (b), X5 (c) and X7 (d). See Fig.2a for well locations.

图5 顺北地区加里东中期水平最大主应力方位的玫瑰图 (a)、X4井中奥陶统一间房组3个样本的声速各向异性分布(b)、从阵列声波测井获取的X6井的现今水平最大主应力方位的玫瑰图(c)、从井眼崩落获取的X5井的现今水平最大主应力方位的玫瑰图(d)、X2井奥陶系6 079.6~6 085.2 m成像测井(e)和钻井诱导缝走向的玫瑰图(f)及倾角的频率统计(g) 钻井的位置见图2a。

Fig.5 Characteristics of middle Galedonia and current stresses in Shunbei area.(a) Rose diagram of horizontal maximum principal stress azimuths in the middle Galedonian. (b) Sound velocity anisotropy of three samples from the Ordovician Yijianfang Formation of well X4. (c) Rose diagram of current horizontal maximum principal stress azimuths in well X6, obtained from array acoustic logging. (d) Rose diagram of current horizontal maximum principal stress azimuths in well X5, obtained from borehole collapse. (e) Imaging log of the Ordovician in well X2, with depths between 6079.6-6085.2 m. (f, g) Rose diagram of fracture orientation and histogram of dip angle of drilling induced fractures.

表1 X4井奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩心古地磁与声波各向异性测量结果

Table 1 Results of paleomagnetic and acoustic anisotropy experiments for Ordovician carbonate rock cores from well X4

岩心编号	测试方位角/(°)	直径/mm	走时/μs	波速/(m·s^-1)	磁偏角/(°)	最小波速与标志线的夹角/(°)	最大主应力方向
No.1	150	65.52	11.89	5 512	141.5	185	NE43.9°
No.2	150	65.58	11.98	5 475	316.9	185	NE58.1°
No.3	105	64.78	11.81	5 486	289.3	145	NE35.7°

图6 X4井中奥陶统一间房组的声发射测试样品(a)、声发射实验采样示意图(b)和基于声发射初始压力的古应力测量曲线(c-f)

Fig.6 Acoustic emission test. (a) Samples from the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in well well X4. (b) Acoustic emission sampling. (c-f) Paleostress measurement curves based on initial pressure.

表2 顺北地区奥陶系岩石力学参数表

Table 2 Mechanical parameters for Ordovician rocks in Shunbei

样品编号	深度/m	围压/MPa	抗压强度/MPa	泊松比	杨氏模量/GPa	内聚力/MPa	内摩擦角/(°)
1	7 470.15~7 470.21	65	—	0.21	39.88	—	—
2	7 470.15~7 470.21	75	—	0.26	42.93
3	7 470.15~7 470.21	85	—	0.22	37.13
4	7 560.23~7 560.38	65	—	0.23	34.7	38	26.3
5	7 560.23~7 560.38	75	—	0.22	36.5
6	7 560.23~7 560.38	85	—	0.22	36.6
7	7 652.00~7 653.73	0	70.16	0.204	36.83	—	—
8	7 652.00~7 653.73	0	75.74	0.226	43.43
9	7 656.46~7 656.57	30	279.06	0.242	44.65
10	7 656.46~7 656.57	30	274.83	0.273	46.24
11	7 656.46~7 656.57	30	249.73	0.235	42.63
12	7 656.38~7 656.46	0	72.14	0.252	37.68	17.6	41.6
13	7 656.38~7 656.46	60	310.22	0.338	60.89
14	7 656.38~7 656.46	30	267.40	0.314	56.86

图7 SHB16号断裂带及邻区 T 7 4界面现今静态杨氏模量(a)与静态泊松比(b) 位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.7 Current static Young’s modulus (a) and static Poisson's ratio (b) at the T 7 4 interface in the study area.

图8 SHB16号断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组加里东中期应力场模拟的地质力学模型(a)与数学模型(b)以及现今应力场模拟的地质力学模型(c)与数学模型(d)

Fig.8 Geomechanical and mathematical models for the simulation of stress field in Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in the study area. (a, b) Middle Galedonian stress field. (c, d) Current stress field.

图9 基于自适应边界条件约束方法确定应力场模拟边界条件的工作流程

Fig.9 Workflow for determining boundary conditions for stress field simulation based on self-adaptive boundary condition constraint methods

图10 为现今应力场模拟的数学模型施加不同应力载荷时在X4井处获取的水平最大主应力模拟值(a)和水平最大主应力模拟值与实测值的误差(b)

Fig.10 Current stress field simulation using the mathematical model. (a) Simulated values of horizontal maximum principal stress obtained at well X4 under different stress loads. (b) Discrepancy between the simulated and measured values.

图11 SHB16断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组加里东中期水平最大主应力分布(a)、水平最小主应力分布(b)、水平两向应力差分布(c)、应力非均质系数分布(d)和水平最大主应力方位角分布(e) 位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.11 Charateristics of middle Galedonian stress field in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formationin the study area. (a) Distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress. (b) Horizontal minimum principal stress. (c) Horizontal stress difference. (d) Stress difference coefficient. (e) Azimuthal distribution of horizontal maximum principal stress

图12 SHB16断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组现今水平最大主应力分布(a)、水平最小主应力分布(b)、水平两向应力差分布(c)、应力非均质系数分布(d)和水平最大主应力方位角分布(e) 位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.12 Charateristics of current stress field in the study area

图13 SHB16号断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组归一化后的张破裂率(a)、剪破裂率(b)和综合破裂率(c),位置见图1b中绿色虚线框

Fig.13 Rupture rates in the study area after normalization. (a) Tensive rupture rate. (b) Shear rupture rate. (c) Comprehensive rupture rate.

图14 SHB16断裂带中不同规模和走向的断裂的编号(a)和断裂的滑动趋势系数(b-j) a的位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.14 Faults numbering (a) and sliding trend coefficients (b-j) for faults of different scales and orientations in the SHB16 fault zone

图15 SHB16号断裂带根据应力性质的分段(a)及不同段内归一化的综合破裂率(b) a的位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.15 Segmentation of the SHB16 fault zone according to stress type (a) and comprehensive rupture rate normalized within different segments (b)

图16 走滑断裂带垂向变形幅度和变形带宽度的计算方法示意图(a和b分别代表正构造起伏和负构造起伏)、用来读取SHB16号断裂带中不同位置的主干断裂垂向活动强度的剖面位置(c)及主干断裂垂向活动强度沿断裂带走向的分布(d)(a和b据文献[10]补充修改) c的位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.16 Method to calculate the vertical deformation amplitude and width of deformation zones in a strike-slip fault zone. (a, b) Representation of positive and negative structural reliefs. (c) Sections used to obtain fault activity intensity in the vertical direction in the principal displacement zone. (c) Distribution of fault activity intensities along the strike of the fault zone. A and b modified after [10].

图17 SHB16号断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组现今归一化后的综合破裂率与距主干断裂的距离的关系(a)和与水平两向应力差的关系(b)

Fig.17 Normalized current comprehensive rupture rate in the study area. (a) As a function of distance from the main fault. (b) As a function of horizontal stress difference.

图18 SHB16号断裂带及邻区中奥陶统一间房组现今规模储集体发育指数(a)及X4井与X5井的中奥陶统一间房组储集体发育的地质模式(b) Є—寒武系;O1—下奥陶统;O1-2y—中下奥陶统鹰山组;O2yj—中奥陶统一间房组;O3—上奥陶统;S-C1—志留系至下石炭统。 a的位置见图1b中绿色虚线框。

Fig.18 Current reservoir development in the study area. (a) Rreservior development indexes for sizable reservoirs. (b) Geologic pattern of reservoir development in the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation in wells X4 and X5. Є—Cambrian; O1—Lower Ordovician; O1-2y—Middle and Lower Ordovician Yingshan Formation; O2yj—Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation; O3—Upper Ordovician; S-C1—Silurian to Lower Carboniferous

表3 SHB16号断裂带及邻区奥陶系碳酸盐岩规模储集体分级标准

Table 3 Grading criteria for sizable Ordovician carbonates reservoirs in the study area

储集体发育级别	I级	II级	III级	IV级
储集体发育指数	>3.8	>3.4~3.8	2.5~3.4	<2.5

表4 SHB16号断裂带不同段内储集体级别综合评价表

Table 4 Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir quality levels within different segments of the SHB16 fault zone

分段	I类储集体占比	II类储集体占比	III类储集体占比	储集体综合评价级别
①张扭段	0%	12%	88%	差
②压扭段	12%	58%	30%	中
③张扭段	20%	60%	20%	中
④压扭段	20%	60%	20%	中
⑤张扭段	50%	10%	40%	优
⑥压扭段	0%	80%	20%	差
平移段	20%	30%	50%	差

表5 SHB16号断裂带不同变形方式对应的储集体级别综合评价表

Table 5 Comprehensive evaluation of reservoir levels corresponding to different deformation patterns in the SHB16 fault zone

变形方式	综合评价为优的数量	综合评价为中等的数量	综合评价为差的数量
张扭变形	1	1	1
压扭变形	0	2	1
简单剪切变形	0	0	1

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顺北地区走滑断裂带奥陶系碳酸盐岩裂缝分布预测与主控因素研究

Fractures in Ordovician carbonate rocks in strike-slip fault zone, Shunbei area: Fracture distribution prediction and fracture controlling factors

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