淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成机理研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.32

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 354-368.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.32

淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成机理研究

许光泉¹^,²(), 杨婷婷¹^,²^,^*(), 王传兵²^,³, 程海燕²^,³, 朱昌淮²^,³, 周继生²^,³, 贺世芳²^,³

1.安徽理工大学地球与环境学院, 安徽淮南 232001
2.深部煤炭安全开采与环境保护全国重点实验室, 安徽淮南 232001
3.淮南矿业(集团)有限责任公司, 安徽淮南 232001

收稿日期:2025-06-20 修回日期:2025-09-05 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
通信作者: *杨婷婷(1993—),女,讲师,主要从事岩溶水文地质与岩溶水文地球化学研究。E-mail:ahaqytt@126.com
作者简介:许光泉(1967—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水文地质、岩溶水文地质研究。E-mail: gqxu@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(4217227);安徽省省级质量工程项目(2023xnjys012);安徽理工大学高层次引进人才科研启动基金资助项目(2025yjrc0069)

Development characteristics and formation mechanism of Ordovician paleokarst in the Huainan Coalfield

XU Guangquan¹^,²(), YANG Tingting¹^,²^,^*(), WANG Chuanbing²^,³, CHENG Haiyan²^,³, ZHU Changhuai²^,³, ZHOU Jisheng²^,³, HE Shifang²^,³

1. School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science & Technology, Huainan 232001, China
2. State Key Laboratory for Safe Mining of Deep Coal Resources and Environment Protection, Huainan 232001, China
3. Huainan Mining (Group) Co., Ltd, Huainan 232001, China

Received:2025-06-20 Revised:2025-09-05 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2025-11-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 我国华北煤田古岩溶分布规律与发育程度是控制深部岩溶流体储存与运移的关键地质因素。研究其发育特征、影响因素和成因,对于评价煤田内部岩溶的富水性和渗透性至关重要,对煤矿开采中岩溶水害防治也具有十分重要的意义。以华北煤田南部的淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶为对象,采用野外地质调查、钻孔取心与显微鉴定、地球物理勘探、岩石地球化学等方法,系统调查与研究了奥陶系古岩溶分布、发育特征及控制因素,并结合区域沉积史、构造演化史以及古水文等,研究了奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成过程。结果表明,淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶主要分为沉积岩溶、后生岩溶和构造带岩溶3种类型,以角砾岩、裂缝、孔洞、溶洞以及岩溶陷落柱等5种形态存在,多分布于距奥陶系风化壳0~50 m范围内,其内部充填物可分为岩屑物质、化学胶结物质和混合物质3类。古岩溶发育程度受碳酸盐岩岩性与结构、成岩地质作用、地质构造演化、古水文等因素控制。奥陶系古岩溶形成从碳酸盐岩沉积弱固结成岩阶段,到抬升风化剥蚀阶段,到晚燕山运动时期构造作用阶段,其形成过程中除了接受古大气淡水淋滤作用外,还与深部热液活动作用相关,不同类型的古岩溶是多期次岩溶改造作用的结果。

关键词: 奥陶系古岩溶, 岩溶角砾岩, 岩溶陷落柱, 淮南煤田

Abstract:

The distribution and development of paleokarst systems of the North China Coalfield are the key factors which control deep karst fluid storage and transport. Studying their characteristics, controlling factors, and genesis is essential for assessing karst aquifer water abundance and permeability, and also is of the significance for karst water inrush during mining. Taking the Ordovician paleokarst of the Huainan Coalfield, situated in the southern North China Coalfield as objective, and with such methods as field geological survey, core drilling and microscopic identification, geophysical exploration, and rock geochemistry, the distribution, development characteristics, and controlled factors of Ordovician paleokarst are systematically investigated and studied, combined with regional sedimentary history, structural evolution history, and paleohydrology, the development characteristics and formation process of Ordovician paleokarst are discussed. Results reveal that the Ordovician paleokarst of the Huainan Coalfield is mainly divided into three types: sedimentary karst, epigenetic karst, and tectonic zone karst, which are five forms: breccia, cracks, pores, caves, and karst collapse columns, and which is mostly distributed within 0-50 m of the Ordovician weathering crust, and which internal fillings can be divided into three types: rock debris, chemical bonding materials, and mixed materials. The degree of ancient karst development is controlled by factors including carbonate rock lithology and structure, diagenetic geological processes, geological structural evolution, and paleohydrology. The formation of Ordovician paleokarst has evolved from the consolidated stage during carbonate deposition, to the stage of weathering and erosion owing to plate uplift, and to the stage of tectonic activity during the Late Yanshanian Movement. Besides, the formation process of paleokarst also is related to the leaching and dissolved effects, paleo-atmospheric freshwater, and deep hydrothermal activity. Therefore, different types of paleokarst are the results of multi-stage karst reconstruct.

Key words: Ordovician paleokarst, karst breccia, karst collapse column, Huainan Coalfield

中图分类号:

P642.25

许光泉, 杨婷婷, 王传兵, 程海燕, 朱昌淮, 周继生, 贺世芳. 淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成机理研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(1): 354-368.

XU Guangquan, YANG Tingting, WANG Chuanbing, CHENG Haiyan, ZHU Changhuai, ZHOU Jisheng, HE Shifang. Development characteristics and formation mechanism of Ordovician paleokarst in the Huainan Coalfield[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 354-368.

图/表 16

图1 淮南煤田基岩地质图 a—淮南煤田基岩地质平面图;b—A-A″剖面;c—B-B'剖面

Fig.1 Geological map of bedrock in Huainan Coalfield

图2 淮南煤田裸露区地质图 a—裸露区位置分布图;b—舜耕山—八公山基岩地质平面图;c-j(①~⑧)—舜耕山—八公山裸露区地质剖面

Fig.2 Geological profiles of outcrops in the Huainan Coalfield

图3 淮南煤田奥陶系不同类型角砾岩 a—白云质灰质角砾,萧县组底部(舜耕山九龙岗段);b—白云质灰质角砾,马家沟组顶部(舜耕山五层山段);c—灰质角砾岩,萧县组底部(舜耕山洞山段);d—灰质角砾岩(潘二矿P05孔);e—灰质角砾,萧县组中部角砾岩(九龙岗段); f—萧县组地下河岩溶角砾岩,磨圆度好,以次圆状为主(大通段); g—萧县组顶部灰质角砾(平山头段); h—奥陶系中部岩溶角砾,表面溶隙发育,内部含大量碎屑物质及泥质(刘庄矿T10); i—构造岩溶角砾岩(李郢子段);j—构造碎裂岩岩溶角砾,角砾间为挤压的方解石充填(泉山湖段); k—构造角砾岩,角砾间方解石充填连接(LZ4);l—构造角砾岩,内部被方解石充填(PE2孔);m—构造带岩溶角砾岩,最大砾径大于12cm,大小混杂,磨圆度差(PB5孔)

Fig.3 Different types of Ordovician breccia in Huainan Coalfield

图4 奥陶系岩溶段碳酸盐岩溶隙结构

Fig.4 Structure of carbonate dissolved fractures in the Ordovician karst section

图5 不同类型溶孔野外和显微照片 a—奥陶系,白云质灰岩,针孔状溶孔(张集矿-1孔);b—奥陶系,灰岩,晶间孔(顾北矿);c—奥陶系,灰岩,粒内溶孔,单偏光(刘庄矿);d—奥陶系,膏模孔(张集矿);e—奥陶系,鲕粒灰岩,晶内溶孔,单偏光(刘庄矿) 。

Fig.5 Field and microscopic photographs of different types of dissolved pores

图6 隐伏区溶洞的解译和裸露区溶洞的野外照片 a—隐伏区三维地震剖面的溶洞解译;b—裸露区层间溶洞;c—构造带溶洞(硅质交代)

Fig.6 Interpretation of covered caves and field photos of outcrop caves

图7 隐伏区后生岩溶角砾岩厚度平面分布图

Fig.7 Planar distribution map of thickness of karst breccias in the covered areas

图8 隐伏区岩溶陷落柱结构剖面图 a—构造岩溶带G4内NO.1KCC垂向形态;b—构造岩溶带G4内NO.2KCC垂向形态;c—构造岩溶带G4内NO.3KCC垂向形态;d—构造岩溶带G4内NO.5KCC垂向形态;e—三维地震1#与2#陷落柱立体显示图。

Fig.8 Structural profile of karst collapse columns in concealed areas

图9 淮南煤田不同类型岩溶钻孔柱状剖面对比

Fig.9 Comparison of different types of karst drilling column profiles in Huainan Coalfield

图10 古岩溶内部角砾充填和胶结特征 a—碎裂状角砾灰岩;b—垮落角砾岩,白云质灰岩;c—压溶角砾岩,灰岩;d—垮落胶结角砾岩,白云质灰岩;e—构造岩溶角砾岩,内部铁质及钙质充填; f—构造带岩溶角砾岩,内部古钙华充填;g—构造岩溶角砾岩,内部巨晶方解石呈层状结晶充填;h—构造岩溶角砾,内部铁锰结核物质充填; i—构造岩溶角砾,内部方解石、黄铁矿与煤屑混合胶结充填;j—构造岩溶角砾,内部黄铁矿及方解石混合充填。

Fig.10 Characteristics of filling and cementation of internal breccia in paleokarst

表1 淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶样品碳、氧同位素测试结果

Table 1 Carbon and oxygen isotope test results of paleokarst samples of Ordovician in Huainan Coalfield

样品编号	测试样品	古岩溶类型	δ¹³C_V-PDB/‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/‰	样品编号	测试样品	古岩溶类型	δ¹³C_V-PDB/‰	δ¹⁸O_V-PDB/‰
M1	CM	同生角砾	-3.43	-5.84	F8	CFs	KCC	-6.09	-13.13
M2	CM	同生角砾	-3.00	-6.10	F9	CFs	KCC	-6.63	-12.43
M3	CM	同生角砾灰岩	-0.73	-5.08	F10	CFs	岩溶角砾	-0.66	-9.73
M4	CM	角砾灰岩	-0.84	-6.52	F11	CFs	小溶洞发育	-0.84	-10.18
M5	CM	溶洞	-4.62	-10.19	F11	CFs	小溶洞发育	-0.84	-10.18
M6	CM	基岩	-0.65	-6.03	F13	CFs	裂缝	-5.85	-6.95
M7	CM	角砾	-0.68	-8.00	F14	CFs	溶洞	-1.48	-10.07
F1	CFs	构造带孔洞	-5.51	-13.44	F15	CFs	孔洞	0.49	-10.79
F2	CFs	构造带孔洞	-7.84	-12.25	F16	CFs	溶洞	-5.95	-9.12
F3	CFs	构造带裂缝	-7.36	-13.33	F17	CFs	小溶洞发育	0.92	-10.15
F4	CFs	构造带孔洞	-7.91	-13.57	最大值			0.92	-5.08
F5	CFs	构造带裂缝	-5.66	-13.97	最小值			-7.91	-13.97
F6	CFs	构造带孔洞	-5.25	-11.76	平均值			-3.77	-10.00
F7	CFs	KCC	-6.74	-13.31

表2 淮南地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要化学成分及含量

Table 2 Main chemical composition and content of Ordovician carbonate rocks in Huainan area

编号	岩性	地层	主要化学成分含量w_B/%
编号	岩性	地层	CaO	MgO	SiO₂	Na₂O	K₂O	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MnO	TiO₂	P₂O₅	CO₂
M8	灰岩	O₁x	54.95	0.30	0.20	0.33	0.22	0.32	0.06	0.01	0.01	0.07	43.53
M9	泥质灰岩	O₁x	50.71	1.3	0.23	0.42	0.31	0.26	0.16	0.01	0.01	0.06	46.53
M10	白云质灰岩	O₁x	41.05	12.60	0.18	0.38	0.20	0.27	0.27	0.01	0.02	0.07	44.95
M11	白云岩	O₁m	31.38	20.27	1.07	0.01	0.04	0.48	0.31	0.01	0.02	0.01	46.40
M12	灰质白云岩	O₁m	34.63	18.06	0.16	0.40	0.13	0.22	0.24	0.01	0.01	0.08	46.06

图11 淮南煤田奥陶系碳酸盐岩成岩作用宏观和微观结构照片 a,b,g—压实,压溶作用;d,h,j—重结晶作用;c,k,l —胶结作用;e,f,i —交代作用。

Fig.11 Macroscopic and microscopic structural photos of the diagenesis of carbonate of Ordovician in Huainan Coalfield

图12 淮南煤田断层、节理统计图 a—淮南煤田断层走向;b—淮南煤田断层倾向;c—淮南煤田断层倾角;d—裸露区构造岩溶发育点节理走向;e—裸露区构造岩溶发育点节理倾向;f—裸露区构造岩溶发育点节理倾角。

Fig.12 Statistical map of fault and joint in Huainan area

图13 淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶Z-T散点图

Fig.13 Z-T scatter plots of the paleokarst of Ordovician in Huainan Coalfield

图14 淮南煤田奥陶系不同类型古岩溶形成演化过程

Fig.14 Formation and evolution process of different types of paleokarst in the Ordovician of Huainan Coalfield

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淮南煤田奥陶系古岩溶发育特征及形成机理研究

Development characteristics and formation mechanism of Ordovician paleokarst in the Huainan Coalfield

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