地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (6): 331-349.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.10.18

• 非主题来稿选登 • 上一篇    下一篇

煤中的战略性矿产:以镓锗为例

曾招阳1,2(), 宁树正1,2,*(), 王自国1,2   

  1. 1.中国煤炭地质总局勘查研究总院, 北京 100039
    2.矿山透明地质与数字孪生技术国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室, 北京 100039
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-27 修回日期:2024-10-23 出版日期:2024-11-25 发布日期:2024-11-25
  • 通信作者: *宁树正(1977—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事煤系矿产资源研究工作。E-mail: nsz0321@126.com
  • 作者简介:曾招阳(1993—),男,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为煤矿及其伴生矿产勘查评价。E-mail: zengzy2016@126.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2902005);国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2906405);枣庄矿业集团科技项目(SNZB-ZKJT-D20226-0300)

Strategic mineral resources in coal: A case study on gallium and germanium

ZENG Zhaoyang1,2(), NING Shuzheng1,2,*(), WANG Ziguo1,2   

  1. 1. General Prospecting Institute of China National Administration of Coal Geology, Beijing 100039, China
    2. National Mine Safety Supervision Bureau Key Laboratory of Transparent Mine Geology and Digital Twin Technology, Beijing 100039, China
  • Received:2024-05-27 Revised:2024-10-23 Online:2024-11-25 Published:2024-11-25

摘要:

煤中的战略性矿产对国家经济发展和国家安全具有重要意义。这类矿产常被称作煤型矿产,不仅仅是富集关键金属的煤层,也包含夹矸、煤层顶底板和煤系中不含煤层的其他富集层位,乃至一些富集金属的煤矿的酸性矿井水等。本文在系统查阅国内外煤型矿产文献的基础上,对中国整个地质时期战略性煤型矿产进行梳理,列出产出煤型战略性矿产的主要时期;整理得到全国主要地质时期的煤矿资源分布和战略性关键矿产的空间分布图,并以镓、锗为例,对相关典型矿床进行案例解剖,深入探讨了镓、锗矿床为代表的煤型矿床的地质背景和成矿机理,归纳了矿床中镓锗的富集部位等关键找矿信息。结果表明: 在各地质历史时期,可产出以镓、锗等为代表的“四稀”和大宗矿产为主体的战略性关键金属矿产。其中,显生宙以来则产出“四稀”矿产和大宗矿产;中国的镓锗矿床主要集中在华北地台、扬子地台的石炭—二叠纪、三叠—侏罗纪、早白垩世和新近纪等含煤盆地中;煤型锗矿床的形成与岩浆作用及其热液活动有着密切的关系;镓、锗等元素的富集在含煤岩系中有特定的产出部位,镓通常产出在成煤旋回的顶部,如华北石炭—二叠纪含煤盆地偏顶部的山西组6号煤层中的镓的富集,如黑岱沟矿床,煤系旋回底部的本溪组也有一定的贡献;而锗则通常富集在煤系旋回的初期或底部,如临沧帮卖锗矿床。中国的煤中镓锗资源很有潜力。

关键词: 煤型战略性矿产, 形成时代, 镓锗, 富集部位, 资源潜力

Abstract:

Strategic coal-associated mineral resources hold significant importance for national economic development and security. These minerals, often referred to as coal-type minerals, include not only coal seams enriched with critical metals but also partings, coal seam roofs and floors, other enriched layers within coal measures that do not contain coal seams, and even acid mine waters from coal mines enriched with metals. Based on a systematic review of domestic and international literature on coal-type minerals, this paper organizes and analyzes strategic coal-type mineral resources throughout China’s geological history, listing the main periods during which coal-type strategic minerals were formed. It compiles maps showing the spatial distribution of coal mining resources and strategic key minerals during major geological periods nationwide. Using gallium and germanium as examples, the study dissects typical deposits, delving into the geological background and ore-forming mechanisms of coal-type deposits represented by gallium and germanium, and summarizes key prospecting information such as the enrichment sites of gallium and germanium within these deposits. The results show that during various geological periods, strategic critical metal resources, represented by gallium, germanium, and other “four scarcities” and bulk minerals, are the main products. Since the Phanerozoic Eon, “four scarcities” minerals and bulk minerals have been produced. Gallium and germanium deposits in China are mainly concentrated in coal-bearing basins of the North China Platform and Yangtze Platform during the Carboniferous-Permian, Triassic-Jurassic, Early Cretaceous, and Neogene periods. The formation of coal-type germanium deposits is closely related to magmatic activity and associated hydrothermal processes. The enrichment of elements such as gallium and germanium has specific locations within coal-bearing strata: gallium is typically found at the top of coal-forming cycles, such as in the Ga-enriched No.6 coal seam of the Shanxi Formation in the Carboniferous-Permian coal-bearing basin of North China, exemplified by the Heidaigou deposit. The Benxi Formation at the base of the coal cycle also contributes to some extent. Germanium, on the other hand, is usually enriched at the beginning or base of coal cycles, as seen in the Bangmai germanium deposit in Lincang. The gallium and germanium resources in China’s coal have great potential.

Key words: coal-type strategic minerals, forming periods, gallium and germanium, enrichment site, resources potential

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