深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育机理新认识与特深层油气勘探方向

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.35

地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1-13.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.35

• 深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层形成环境、发育机理和成因模式 • 上一篇下一篇

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育机理新认识与特深层油气勘探方向

马永生¹(), 蔡勋育¹, 李慧莉², 朱东亚², 张军涛², 杨敏³, 段金宝⁴, 邓尚², 尤东华⁵, 武重阳², 陈森然⁶

1.中国石油化工集团有限公司, 北京 100728
2.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 102206
3.中国石化西北油田分公司, 新疆乌鲁木齐 830011
4.中国石化勘探分公司, 四川成都 610041
5.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏无锡 214126
6.北京大学地球与空间科学学院, 北京 100871

收稿日期:2023-01-30 修回日期:2023-02-27 出版日期:2023-11-25 发布日期:2023-11-25
作者简介:马永生(1961—),男,博士,正高级工程师,中国工程院院士,主要从事石油天然气地质研究及勘探生产实践等工作。E-mail: mays@sinopec.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金企业联合创新发展联合基金项目(U19B6003)

New insights into the formation mechanism of deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and the direction of oil and gas exploration in extra-deep strata

MA Yongsheng¹(), CAI Xunyu¹, LI Huili², ZHU Dongya², ZHANG Juntao², YANG Min³, DUAN Jinbao⁴, DENG Shang², YOU Donghua⁵, WU Chongyang², CHEN Senran⁶

1. China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, Beijing 100728, China
2. Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 102206, China
3. Northwest Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, ürümqi 830011, China
4. Exploration Company, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, China
5. Wuxi Institute of Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Wuxi 214126, China
6. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China

Received:2023-01-30 Revised:2023-02-27 Online:2023-11-25 Published:2023-11-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在深层碳酸盐岩层系中,已陆续发现了塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等一系列大型油气田,并形成了碳酸盐岩“三元控储”等成储理论认识。近年来,四川和塔里木盆地相继在超过7 000 m甚至8 000 m的超深层中发现了优质碳酸盐岩储层。深层储层类型更加多样,控储因素中,相带、流体、压力和断裂,以及它们之间相互作用的内涵更为丰富。结合近期大量新的超深钻探资料,持续开展了深层-超深层碳酸盐岩成储机理的研究。通过塔里木盆地塔河-顺北地区奥陶系和四川盆地二叠系栖霞组、茅口组的深化研究,进一步揭示了构造破裂和多类型流体耦合改造储集体的成储机制;通过上震旦统四川盆地灯影组和塔里木盆地奇格布拉克组的系统分析,揭示了新元古代“白云石海”沉积环境、早期溶蚀和早期油气充注在成储与孔隙保持中的关键作用;通过开展含膏岩层系白云岩成储的物理模拟实验,揭示了膏盐岩封盖及超压、较为封闭的环境下,白云石重结晶作用显著改善了储集物性。深层-超深层储层发育机理新认识丰富了“三元控储”理论,有效引领了超深层,乃至特深层的油气勘探。断控和断-溶双控储集体、古老微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,尤其是寒武系厚层膏盐岩之下的微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,在中西部叠合盆地海相碳酸盐岩层系中广泛分布,有望成为万米特深层钻探的主要对象。

关键词: 深层-超深层, 断控缝洞储集体, 断裂-流体控储机制, 微生物岩储层, 含膏白云岩储层, 碳酸盐岩成储机理

Abstract:

In deep carbonate strata of the Sichuan and Tarim Basins a series of large scale oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, including the Jingbian, Tahe, Puguang and Yuanba fields, and a “ternary reservoir control” theory for reef-shoal carbonate reservoirs has been developed. In recent years, high-quality carbonate reservoir rocks are discovered in ultra-deep layers at depths of greater than 7000 m or even 8000 m. The deep reservoirs show diverse rock types and complex interactions between the reservoir controlling factors such as facies belt, fluid, pressure, and fault. Using the newly obtained ultra-deep drilling data we carried out a systematic investigation into the formation mechanism of the ultra-deep carbonate reservoir rocks. In-depth studies of the Ordovician strata of Tahe-Shunbei-Shunnan area, Tarim Basin and the Permian Qixia and Maokou Formations in the Sichuan Basin provided further insights into reservoir formation by mechanisms of fault-related fracturing and coupled multi-type fluid alteration. Results for the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation in the Tarim Basin suggested that the Neoproterozoic “dolomite sea” depositional environment, early dissolution, and early hydrocarbon charging are the key factors for reservoir formation and preservation. Physical simulation experiment on dolomite reservoir formation in gypsum-bearing facies revealed that dolomite recrystallization can significantly improve reservoir properties under gypsum-salt capping and overpressure and relatively closed environment. The new insights enriched the “ternary reservoir control” theory and provided guidance for oil and gas exploration in ultra-deep and even extra-deep strata. In superimposed basins in central and western China, fault-controlled and fault/dissolution dual-controlled reservoirs, ancient microbial mound-shoal dolomite reservoirs, especially those with Cambrian thick gypsum-salt caprocks, are widely distributed in marine carbonate rocks and can be considered the main exploration targets at > 10000 m depths.

Key words: deep-ultra-deep strata, fault-controlled fracture-pore reservoir, fault/fluid dual-controlled reservoir mechanism, microbialite reservoir, gypsum-bearing dolomite reservoir, formation mechanism of carbonate reservoirs

中图分类号:

TE122.2

马永生, 蔡勋育, 李慧莉, 朱东亚, 张军涛, 杨敏, 段金宝, 邓尚, 尤东华, 武重阳, 陈森然. 深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育机理新认识与特深层油气勘探方向[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(6): 1-13.

MA Yongsheng, CAI Xunyu, LI Huili, ZHU Dongya, ZHANG Juntao, YANG Min, DUAN Jinbao, DENG Shang, YOU Donghua, WU Chongyang, CHEN Senran. New insights into the formation mechanism of deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and the direction of oil and gas exploration in extra-deep strata[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(6): 1-13.

图/表 6

图1 深层碳酸盐岩储层成岩演化与控储机制模式图

Fig.1 The diagram of diagenetic evolution and controlling reservoir mechanism of deep carbonate reservoirs

图2 顺北84X井断控缝洞储集体井震和岩心特征 A—过顺北84X井地震剖面解析及录井信息标定; B—顺北84X井过断面测井解释地震标定;C—顺北84X井揭示断面内部核带结构地质模式; D—第二和第三回次取心结构特征。

Fig.2 Cores, drill well, and seismic characteristics of fault-controlled fractured-cavity reservoir in well SHB84X

图3 塔里木盆地断裂-热流体硅化碳酸盐岩储层特征 A—富硅热液流体改造形成的硅化灰岩,顺托1井,一间房组,7 704.48~7 704.58 m;B—硅化灰岩的内部蚀变特征,黑色区域为残余孔洞-孔隙,浅灰色部分以方解石为主,深灰色部分为石英矿物,顺托1井,一间房组,A中硅化蚀变区域CT横向切片(扫描分辨率41 μm);C—硅化蚀变区域具有大量孔隙,黑色沥青质充填,顺托1井,一间房组,A中硅化蚀变区域的铸体薄片;D—硅化灰岩裂缝与基质中石英普遍发育,石英呈黑色不发光,顺北53x井,一间房组,7 750.00 m,阴极发光照片;E—硅化灰岩中石英与方解石流体包裹体均一温度分布特征,顺北53x井,一间房组,7 750.00 m。

Fig.3 Characteristics of fault-hydrothermal silicified carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin

图4 四川盆地二叠系典型断裂-热液白云岩储层特征 A—斑马状热液白云岩,灰色为基质,白色为鞍形白云石充填物,裂缝及溶孔发育,普仁1井,栖霞组,3 579.45 m;B—细晶白云岩,具有颗粒幻影结构,粒间孔发育,普仁1井,栖霞组,3 580.50 m;C—鞍形白云石U-Pb定年数据,普仁1井,栖霞组;D—灰色粉细晶白云岩,裂缝发育有白色鞍形白云石充填,存在残余储集空间,泰来6井,茅口组,5 506.50 m;E—裂缝内中充填的鞍形白云石,有残余空间,泰来6井,茅口组,5 506.20 m;F—鞍形白云石U-Pb定年数据,泰来6井,茅口组。

Fig.4 Characteristic of typical fault-hydrothermal dolomite reservoirs in Permian, Sichuan Basin

图5 上震旦统典型微生物岩储层特征 A—微生物凝块岩格架间溶蚀孔洞,四川盆地金石1井,灯影组二段,4.31.91 m;B—富含溶蚀孔洞的藻纹层白云岩,四川盆地元深1井,灯影组四段,8 680.3 m;C—富含溶蚀孔洞的微生物粘结白云岩,四川盆地福1井,灯影组二段,7 048.5 m;D、E和F—富含格架间孔隙的微生物凝块岩,塔里木盆地东二沟剖面(D)和肖尔布拉克剖面(E和F);G—微生物凝块岩晶间孔、晶间溶孔发育,四川盆地福1井,灯影组四段,7 047.87 m;H—微生物顺层格架孔,四川盆地元深1井,灯组二段,8 610.2 m;I—微生物粘结白云岩中的溶蚀孔洞,四川盆地仁探1井,灯影组四段,8 131.15 m。

Fig.5 Characteristics of typical microbial microbialite reservoirs in the Upper Sinian

图6 双压反应釜流体超压组与流体常压组白云石重结晶实验结果对比 A—不同压力条件下基于CT扫描分析的孔隙数据;B—流体超压实验组孔隙CT扫描特征;C—流体超压实验组白云石扫描电镜特征;D—流体常压实验组孔隙CT扫描特征;E—流体常压实验组白云石扫描电镜特征。

Fig.6 Comparison of dolomite recrystallization experiment results under fluid overpressure and normal pressure conditions in the two-pressure reactor

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深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育机理新认识与特深层油气勘探方向

New insights into the formation mechanism of deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and the direction of oil and gas exploration in extra-deep strata

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