地学前缘 ›› 2023, Vol. 30 ›› Issue (6): 1-13.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.2.35

• 深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层形成环境、发育机理和成因模式 • 上一篇    下一篇

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层发育机理新认识与特深层油气勘探方向

马永生1(), 蔡勋育1, 李慧莉2, 朱东亚2, 张军涛2, 杨敏3, 段金宝4, 邓尚2, 尤东华5, 武重阳2, 陈森然6   

  1. 1.中国石油化工集团有限公司, 北京 100728
    2.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 102206
    3.中国石化西北油田分公司, 新疆 乌鲁木齐 830011
    4.中国石化勘探分公司, 四川 成都 610041
    5.中国石化石油勘探开发研究院 无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏 无锡 214126
    6.北京大学 地球与空间科学学院, 北京 100871
  • 收稿日期:2023-01-30 修回日期:2023-02-27 出版日期:2023-11-25 发布日期:2023-11-25
  • 作者简介:马永生(1961—),男,博士,正高级工程师,中国工程院院士,主要从事石油天然气地质研究及勘探生产实践等工作。E-mail: mays@sinopec.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金企业联合创新发展联合基金项目(U19B6003)

New insights into the formation mechanism of deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs and the direction of oil and gas exploration in extra-deep strata

MA Yongsheng1(), CAI Xunyu1, LI Huili2, ZHU Dongya2, ZHANG Juntao2, YANG Min3, DUAN Jinbao4, DENG Shang2, YOU Donghua5, WU Chongyang2, CHEN Senran6   

  1. 1. China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, Beijing 100728, China
    2. Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 102206, China
    3. Northwest Oilfield Company, SINOPEC, ürümqi 830011, China
    4. Exploration Company, SINOPEC, Chengdu 610041, China
    5. Wuxi Institute of Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Wuxi 214126, China
    6. School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • Received:2023-01-30 Revised:2023-02-27 Online:2023-11-25 Published:2023-11-25

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摘要：

在深层碳酸盐岩层系中,已陆续发现了塔河、普光、元坝、安岳等一系列大型油气田,并形成了碳酸盐岩“三元控储”等成储理论认识。近年来,四川和塔里木盆地相继在超过7 000 m甚至8 000 m的超深层中发现了优质碳酸盐岩储层。深层储层类型更加多样,控储因素中,相带、流体、压力和断裂,以及它们之间相互作用的内涵更为丰富。结合近期大量新的超深钻探资料,持续开展了深层-超深层碳酸盐岩成储机理的研究。通过塔里木盆地塔河-顺北地区奥陶系和四川盆地二叠系栖霞组、茅口组的深化研究,进一步揭示了构造破裂和多类型流体耦合改造储集体的成储机制;通过上震旦统四川盆地灯影组和塔里木盆地奇格布拉克组的系统分析,揭示了新元古代“白云石海”沉积环境、早期溶蚀和早期油气充注在成储与孔隙保持中的关键作用;通过开展含膏岩层系白云岩成储的物理模拟实验,揭示了膏盐岩封盖及超压、较为封闭的环境下,白云石重结晶作用显著改善了储集物性。深层-超深层储层发育机理新认识丰富了“三元控储”理论,有效引领了超深层,乃至特深层的油气勘探。断控和断-溶双控储集体、古老微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,尤其是寒武系厚层膏盐岩之下的微生物丘滩相白云岩储层,在中西部叠合盆地海相碳酸盐岩层系中广泛分布,有望成为万米特深层钻探的主要对象。

关键词: 深层-超深层, 断控缝洞储集体, 断裂-流体控储机制, 微生物岩储层, 含膏白云岩储层, 碳酸盐岩成储机理

Abstract:

In deep carbonate strata of the Sichuan and Tarim Basins a series of large scale oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, including the Jingbian, Tahe, Puguang and Yuanba fields, and a “ternary reservoir control” theory for reef-shoal carbonate reservoirs has been developed. In recent years, high-quality carbonate reservoir rocks are discovered in ultra-deep layers at depths of greater than 7000 m or even 8000 m. The deep reservoirs show diverse rock types and complex interactions between the reservoir controlling factors such as facies belt, fluid, pressure, and fault. Using the newly obtained ultra-deep drilling data we carried out a systematic investigation into the formation mechanism of the ultra-deep carbonate reservoir rocks. In-depth studies of the Ordovician strata of Tahe-Shunbei-Shunnan area, Tarim Basin and the Permian Qixia and Maokou Formations in the Sichuan Basin provided further insights into reservoir formation by mechanisms of fault-related fracturing and coupled multi-type fluid alteration. Results for the Upper Sinian Dengying Formation in the Sichuan Basin and the Upper Sinian Qigebulake Formation in the Tarim Basin suggested that the Neoproterozoic “dolomite sea” depositional environment, early dissolution, and early hydrocarbon charging are the key factors for reservoir formation and preservation. Physical simulation experiment on dolomite reservoir formation in gypsum-bearing facies revealed that dolomite recrystallization can significantly improve reservoir properties under gypsum-salt capping and overpressure and relatively closed environment. The new insights enriched the “ternary reservoir control” theory and provided guidance for oil and gas exploration in ultra-deep and even extra-deep strata. In superimposed basins in central and western China, fault-controlled and fault/dissolution dual-controlled reservoirs, ancient microbial mound-shoal dolomite reservoirs, especially those with Cambrian thick gypsum-salt caprocks, are widely distributed in marine carbonate rocks and can be considered the main exploration targets at > 10000 m depths.

Key words: deep-ultra-deep strata, fault-controlled fracture-pore reservoir, fault/fluid dual-controlled reservoir mechanism, microbialite reservoir, gypsum-bearing dolomite reservoir, formation mechanism of carbonate reservoirs

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