碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应综述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.4.22

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

碳酸岩是地表出露较少的地幔来源的岩石,其地幔交代作用已被广泛研究,而碳酸岩岩浆与地壳的反应过程却研究较少,目前已在中国草滩和丰镇地区、德国Kaiserstuhl地区、俄罗斯Petyayan-Vara地区和澳大利亚Nolans Bore矿床等各地被报道。碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应的特征是可能形成大量富铁云母、辉石、榍石、钡冰长石等硅酸盐矿物并造成C-O和Sr-Nd同位素体系的扰动。实验岩石学研究发现碳酸岩岩浆在地幔与橄榄岩反应形成异剥橄榄岩,对应的在中下地壳反应形成反夕卡岩。碳酸岩岩浆与围岩的反应会造成局部Si的富集促使REE在早期岩浆阶段进入磷灰石,从而抑制稀土成矿。深部地壳的碳酸岩-硅酸岩反应在相同构造背景下通常不像浅部热液系统容易出露地表,并且其反应产物容易被误认为是夕卡岩矿物组合。因此,更多的高温高压实验研究以及对硅酸盐流体来源不是很清楚的高温夕卡岩矿物组合进行重新评估,将是揭示地壳深部反夕卡岩过程,特别是相关成矿作用的关键。

关键词: 碳酸岩, 地壳交代, 反应特征和机制, 反夕卡岩, 深部成矿

Abstract:

Carbonatite is a mantle-derived rock with minimal surface exposure. Carbonatite mantle metasomatism has received much attention, but the reaction between carbonate magma and the crust is little studied. Such reaction has been reported in China’s Caotan-Fengzhen regions, Germany’s Kaiserstuhl region, Russia’s Petyayan-Vara region, and Australia’s Nolans Bore deposit. The reaction is characterized by the formations of large quantities of iron-rich mica, pyroxene, sphene, hyalophane, and other silicate minerals, and disruptions to the C-O and Sr-Nd isotope systems. In the mantle, carbonatite magma reacts with peridotite to produce meta-exfoliated peridotite; in the middle and lower crust, such reaction produces antiskarn. The reaction between carbonatite magma and wall-rock can result in local Si enrichment, which encourages REE entry into apatite in the early magmatic stage and prevents REE mineralization. Carbonatite-silicate reactions in the deep crust are typically not exposed to the surface as shallow hydrothermal systems do under the same structural context, and reaction products are easily misidentified as skarn mineral assemblages. Therefore, it is critical to uncover the anti-skarn processes in the deep crust—particularly its associated mineralization, through high-temperature, high-pressure experimental research, along with re-evaluation of high-temperature skarn mineral assemblages whose sources of silicate fluids are unknown.

Key words: carbonatite, crustal metasomatism, metasomatic feature and mechanism, antiskarn, deep mineralization

中图分类号:

范朝熙, 许成, 崔莹, 韦春婉, 匡光喜, 石爱国, 李卓骐. 碳酸岩岩浆与地壳反应综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 330-344.

FAN Chaoxi, XU Cheng, CUI Ying, WEI Chunwan, KUANG Guangxi, SHI Aiguo, LI Zhuoqi. Carbonatite magma and crustal metasomatism: A review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 330-344.

图/表 7

图1 夕卡岩、霓长岩与反夕卡岩地质背景示意图(据文献[16]修改)

Fig.1 A schematic sketch outlining the geological setting of hydrothermal endoskarns, fenites, and antiskarns. Modified after [16]

图2 碳酸岩与地壳反应相关实例的岩石学特征(据文献[19-20,29⇓⇓-32]修改) a—草滩白云石碳酸岩、方解石碳酸岩和围岩片麻岩野外照片;b—碳酸岩与围岩接触带镜下照片,矿物主要为透辉石和金云母;c—丰镇碳酸岩和花岗岩接触带野外照片;d—丰镇碳酸岩与花岗岩接触带镜下照片,主要矿物为透辉石、钡冰长石和金云母;e—Kaiserstuhl碳酸岩中的正长岩捕虏体;f—Petyayan-Vara高Ti碳酸岩和主体碳酸岩;g—Kaiserstuhl碳酸岩中的辉石和云母;h—Petyayan-Vara碳酸岩中的富Ti氧化物;i—Nolans Bore钻孔样中的磷灰石脉和接触带硅酸盐矿物;j—Nolans Bore磷灰石环带背散射图像。Dol—白云石;Srp—蛇纹石;Fo—镁橄榄石;Cal—方解石;Mgt—磁铁矿;Ph/Phl—金云母;Hy—钡冰长石;Cpx—单斜辉石;Kf—钾长石;Bt—黑云母;Fe ox—铁氧化物;Ti ox—钛氧化物;Zeo—沸石;Ep—绿帘石;Aln—褐帘石;Di—透辉石;Ttn—榍石;Fap—氟磷灰石。

Fig.2 Petrological characteristics of examples of carbonatite associated with crustal reactions. Modified after [19-20,29⇓⇓-32].

表1 碳酸岩与地壳反应的实例特征

Table 1 Example characteristics of carbonatite reaction with the crust

研究区	地质背景	共生岩石组合	特征矿物	地球化学特征
草滩	造山带	方解石碳酸岩、白云石碳酸岩、片麻岩	镁橄榄石	白云石碳酸岩比方解石碳酸岩具有更高的C同位素和更低Sr同位素组成
丰镇	造山带	花岗岩、辉石正长岩、碳酸岩	透辉石、钡冰长石	长石和辉石具有核边成分变化。碳酸岩和花岗岩有一致的Sr-Nd同位素特征
Kaiserstuhl	大陆裂谷	碱玄岩、霞石岩、辉石岩、碳酸岩、正长岩	黑云母、透辉石	磷灰石具有核边成分变化,碳酸岩云母富Fe²⁺
Petyayan-Vara	火成岩省	碳酸岩、高Ti碳酸岩、霓霞岩、辉石岩	板钛矿、透辉石、黑云母	主体的碳酸岩和接触带的高Ti碳酸岩具有不同C-O同位素组成
Nolans Bore	火成岩省	麻粒岩、磷灰石脉	透辉石、榍石、钡冰长石	透辉石具有较高的(Lu/La)_cn比值,相对于共生的榍石强烈富集Yb-Lu

图3 碳酸岩的地幔交代作用示意图(据文献[3]修改) 箭头象征着从地幔上升的碳酸岩熔体。实线和虚线为相边界,来自不同学者的合成及天然橄榄岩样品的实验(见文献[3])。◆是由脱碳反应(白云石+斜方辉石=单斜辉石+橄榄石+CO2)与相关相边界确定位置。

Fig.3 Sketch of carbonatite mantle metasomatism.Modified after [3]

图4 基于实验模拟出的碳酸岩与地壳反应及相关REE矿化事件卡通图(据文献[28]修改) a—无碱碳酸岩熔体侵入二氧化硅不饱和岩石,在晚期磷灰石中产生少量REE富集,大多数REE存在于碳酸盐和磷酸盐中(例如氟碳铈矿和独居石),均匀分布在整个碳酸岩的低温区;b—侵入二氧化硅饱和岩石的无碱碳酸岩熔体中大部分REE赋存于早期结晶的磷灰石,晚期结晶的磷灰石具有更高REE含量;c—富碱碳酸岩熔体侵入二氧化硅不饱和的岩石,其大部分LREE赋存于富碱碳酸盐矿物中,例如黄碳锶钠石,而HREE迁移到霓长岩化蚀变带;d—富碱碳酸岩熔体侵入二氧化硅饱和的岩石,大多数REE留在碳酸岩体中。

Fig.4 Schematic representation of the reaction between carbonatite and crust and associated REE mineralization event based on recent experimental simulations. Modified after [28].

图5 内蒙古丰镇地区碳酸岩、正长岩、花岗岩中磷灰石的稀土配分模式(数据引自文献[32,109])

Fig.5 Chondrite-normalized REE pattern of apatite in carbonatite, syenite and granite in Fengzhen area, Inner Mongolia.Data adapted from [32,109]

图6 造山带碳酸岩的C-O同位素特征(数据引自文献[29,56])

Fig.6 C-O isotopic characteristics of carbonatite in Qinling orogenic belt. Data adapted from [29,56]

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