东沙海区海丘发现多底栖方式深水珊瑚

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.13

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 202-210.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.13

• 深海沉积与快速气候变化 • 上一篇下一篇

东沙海区海丘发现多底栖方式深水珊瑚

阎贫¹^,²(), 王彦林¹^,², 靳永斌¹^,², 赵美霞¹^,², 钟广见³

1.南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州), 广东广州 511458
2.中国科学院边缘海与大洋地质重点实验室(南海海洋研究所) 南海生态环境工程创新研究院, 广东广州 510301
3.广州海洋地质调查局, 广东广州 510760

收稿日期:2021-09-21 修回日期:2021-12-16 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-07-28
作者简介:阎贫(1965—),男,博士,研究员,主要从事地震勘探方法和南海地质研究。E-mail: yanpin@scsio.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U1901217);国家自然科学基金项目(91855101);国家自然科学基金项目(41876052);南方海洋科学与工程广东省实验室(广州)人才团队引进重大专项(GML2019ZD0104);广东省特支计划(2019BT02H594);国家自然科学基金共享航次(NORC2014-08);国家自然科学基金共享航次(NORC2016-05,06);国家自然科学基金共享航次(NORC2016-05,06,07);国家自然科学基金共享航次(NORC2018-05,06);国家自然科学基金共享航次(NORC2020-05,06)

Deep-water coral of multiple benthal strategies discovered from mounds in Dongsha Waters, the South China Sea

YAN Pin¹^,²(), WANG Yanlin¹^,², JIN Yongbin¹^,², ZHAO Meixia¹^,², ZHONG Guangjian³

1. Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
2. Key Laboratory of Ocean and Marginal Sea Geology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
3. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey, Guangzhou 510760, China

Received:2021-09-21 Revised:2021-12-16 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-07-28

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

东沙岛周围海区发育众多深水(200~2 000 m)海丘,其中一些显示了明显的泥火山活动特征。近年的取样调查在多个底质差异明显的海丘都发现了非常丰富的深水珊瑚。为什么这些海丘上深水珊瑚兴盛尚不清楚。根据样品形态分析,初步识别的珊瑚既有以基座紧密固着于碳酸盐岩结核硬底的Madrepora oculate(多眼筛孔珊瑚)、Lochmaeotrochus(灌丛珊瑚)、Enallopsammia(突出海沙珊瑚)、Solenosmilia variabilis、Dendrophyllia(树珊瑚)、 Bamboo Coral (竹节珊瑚)、Golden Gorgonians (金柳珊瑚),还新发现有以鸭蹼状凹凸不平形底壳贴附于海底砂泥级生物碎屑的Desmophyllum dianthus(葵珊瑚)和尖底浅植于碎屑沉积中的Flabellum(扇珊瑚)、Crispatotrochus(卷轮珊瑚)、Balanophyllia(栎珊瑚),还有饼形、杯形能在软质海底缓慢自由移动的Fungiacyathus(蕈杯珊瑚)、Deltocyathusi(角杯珊瑚),指示在底质硬度及海流强度迥异的东沙海丘环境中有多种属珊瑚生长。大量具有机动性的深水珊瑚栖居于弱水动力海底,应更多依赖于栖居地本地而非海流带来的丰富食物,意味着东沙海区的泥火山活动泄漏的烃类流体可能是深水珊瑚食物的主要来源。泥火山的流体活动与珊瑚的兴盛可能具有相互指示意义。

关键词: 东沙海区, 海丘, 深水珊瑚, 游动珊瑚, 泥火山

Abstract:

The Dongsha Waters surrounding the Dongsha Island, northern South China Sea hosts populous deep-water mounds (200-2000 m), likely of mud volcanic origin. In recent years from a dozen dredging expeditions to many such mounds, skeletal as well as living deep-water corals have been collected in large quantity (~1000), yet the cause of such coral flourishment is not known. In terms of their life strategies judging by morphology, the corals included the common immobile ones which attached with their base steadfastly to hard carbonate-nodules (Madrepora oculate, Lochmaeotrochus, Enallopsammia, Solenosmilia variabilis, Dendrophyllia, Bamboo Coral and Golden Gorgonians), the ones that weakly attached with duck-webbed uneven base (Desmophyllum dianthus) to or rooted with conic base (Flabellum, Crispatotrochus and Balanophyllia) onto sandy-muddy biogenic clastics on the seafloor, as well as the newly discovered, mobile epifauna (Fungiacyathus and Deltocyathus vaughani). The co-occurrence of various corals of diverse life strategies reflected widely variable benthic environments—from hard to soft substrates, and from strong to weak bottom currents. As these mobile, weakly attached corals thrive on mounds with weak bottom current, they may take sufficient nutrients from local geofluids rather than relying on nutrients transported by current. This implies that hydrocarbon leaked from local mud volcanoes may be the main feeder for the deep-water corals. Thus mud volcanoes and deep-water corals may be mutually dicative.

Key words: Dongsha Waters, subsea mound, deep-water corals, mobile coral, volcanism

中图分类号:

阎贫, 王彦林, 靳永斌, 赵美霞, 钟广见. 东沙海区海丘发现多底栖方式深水珊瑚[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 202-210.

YAN Pin, WANG Yanlin, JIN Yongbin, ZHAO Meixia, ZHONG Guangjian. Deep-water coral of multiple benthal strategies discovered from mounds in Dongsha Waters, the South China Sea[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 202-210.

图/表 7

图1 东沙海区地形及海底取样站位图(底图引自文献[15])

Fig.1 Bathymetric chart of the Dongsha Waters and locations of benthic sampling sites (basemap from [15])

图2 显示有海丘的浅地层剖面LS5 (a)、SUB2502 (b)及多道反射地震剖面DS84 (c), 剖面水深均按1 500 m/s速度时-深转换而得。

Fig.2 Sub-bottom profiles LS5 (a) and SUB2502 (b) and multi-channel seismic profile DS84 (c), with subsea mounds indicated by arrows (water depths from two-way time-to-depth conversion using velocity of 1500 m/s)

图3 站位#10表层采集的珊瑚样品(水深:666 m) a:样品集合;b1—b2:枝状多眼筛珊瑚sp1(Madrepora oculata Linnaeus,1758),外壁肋纹明显;c1—c2:枝状多眼筛珊瑚sp2(Madrepora oculata Linnaeus,1758),外壁光滑;d1—d2:枝状多眼筛珊瑚sp3(Madrepora oculata Linnaeus,1758);e:竹节珊瑚(Bamboo coral);f—h:Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan,1873;i1—i2:标记爪哇珊瑚(Javania insignis Duncan,1876) ;j1—j2:钟座葵珊瑚(Caryophyllia horologium Cairns,1977) ;k1—k2:Anomocora fecunda Pourtalès,1871 ;l1—l2:马氏异形珊瑚(Anomocora marchadi Chevalier,1966)。图中比例尺均为1 cm。

Fig.3 Coral specimens from site #10 (water depth 666 m). (a) Collection of samples. (b1, b2) Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758. (c1, c2) Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758. (d1, d2) Madrepora oculata Linnaeus, 1758. (e) Bamboo coral. (f-h) Solenosmilia variabilis Duncan, 1873. (i1, i2) Javania insignis Duncan, 1876. (j1, j2) Caryophyllia horologium Cairns, 1977. (k1, k2) Anomocora fecunda Pourtalès, 1871. (l1, l2) Anomocora marchadi Chevalier, 1966. Scale bar 1 cm.

图4 #5站位表层采集的部分珊瑚样品(水深:617 m) a:部分样品集合;b1—b2:深水叶片珊瑚(Desmophyllum dianthus Esper,1794);b2:底视图显示珊瑚脚底粘附于松散沉积物;c1—c2:雀尾扇形珊瑚(Flabellum pavoninum Lesson,1831);d1—d2:树珊瑚(Dendrophyllia);e:扇形珊瑚(Flabellum sp);f1—f2:卷轮珊瑚(Crispatotrochus sp);g:未区分珊瑚。图中比例尺均为1 cm。

Fig.4 Coral specimens from site #5 (water depth 617 m). (a) Collection of samples. (b1, b2) Desmophyllum dianthus Esper, 1794, with bottom view in b2 showing attachment of specimen base to soft clastic sediment. (c1, c2) Flabellum pavoninum Lesson, 1831. (d1, d2) Dendrophyllia. (e) Flabellum sp. (f1, f2) Crispatotrochus sp. (g) unidentified. Scale bar 1 cm.

图5 #4站位表层采集的部分珊瑚样品(水深:353 m) a:部分样品集合;b1—b2:菌狀冠叶珊瑚(Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock,1902);c1—c2:佛氏角杯珊瑚(Deltocyathus vaughani Yabe & Eguchi,1937);d1—d2:Australocyathus vincentinus Dennant,1904;e1—e2:粉红翼锥珊瑚(Alatotrochus rubescens Moseley,1876);f1—f3:变脊弯杯珊瑚(Tropidocyathus lessonii Michelin,1842);g1—g2:伞形蹄杯珊瑚(Cyathotrochus pileus Alcock,1902);h1—h2:卡魯巴葵珊瑚(Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) karubarica Cairns & Zibrowius,1997);i1—i2:重观锥形珊瑚(Balanophyllia rediviva Moseley,1880) ;j1—j3:网沙珊瑚(Rhombopsammia niphada owens,1986)。图中比例尺均为1 cm。

Fig.5 Coral specimens from site #4 (water depth 353 m). (a) Collection of samples. (b1, b2) Stephanophyllia fungulus Alcock, 1902. (c1, c2) Deltocyathus vaughani Yabe & Eguchi, 1937. (d1, d2) Australocyathus vincentinus Dennant, 1904. (e1, e2) Alatotrochus rubescens Moseley, 1876. (f1-f3) Tropidocyathus lessonii Michelin, 1842. (g1, g2) Cyathotrochus pileus Alcock, 1902. (h1, h2) Caryophyllia (Acanthocyathus) karubarica Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997. (i1, i2) Balanophyllia rediviva Moseley, 1880. (j1-j3) Rhombopsammia niphada owens, 1986. Scale bar 1 cm.

图6 卫滩附近站位采集的部分珊瑚样品 a:鞭柳珊瑚(Flagelligorgia gracilis Cairns,2017);b:棘柳珊瑚;c:角珊瑚(Antipatharia)。图中未标注比例尺均为1 cm。

Fig.6 Coral specimens from waters near Weitan Bank. (a) Flagelligorgia gracilis Cairns, 2017. (b) Acanthogorgiidae. (c) Antipatharia. Scale bar 1 cm.

表1 采获深水珊瑚的站位

Table 1 Basic information of sampling sites

站位号	调查编号	水深	底质特征	珊瑚种类、丰度及其它生物
1	WT3	321 m	大块硬质碳酸盐岩	棘柳珊瑚、海葵及螺贝丰富
2	GT4B-4	335 m	大块硬质碳酸盐岩	鞭柳珊瑚丰富
3	MV70	338 m	大块硬质碳酸盐岩	角珊瑚丰富
4	W7	353 m	细粒生物碎屑	蕈/角杯珊瑚、网沙珊瑚丰富,固底珊瑚少量
5	202009DZ202	617 m	黑泥及细粒生物碎屑	叶片珊瑚、扇形珊瑚、角杯珊瑚丰富,固着珊瑚少量,螺贝丰富
6	S202-2013	960 m	钙质角砾及生物碎屑	丛珊瑚碎枝、蕈杯珊瑚、海绵碎片少量
7	MV8-201609	785 m	钙质结核及生物碎屑	木珊瑚、柳珊瑚少量,有孔虫丰富
8	MV10-201609	654 m	含泥级细粒生物碎屑	丛珊瑚枝、蕈杯珊瑚、海绵碎片少量,螺贝丰富
9	MZ8-2016	570 m	硬质碳酸盐岩	以多眼筛珊瑚、SV^*为主的多种丛珊瑚断枝丰富,螺贝少量
10	202009MV65	666 m	硬质碳酸盐岩	以多眼筛珊瑚、SV^*为主的多种丛珊瑚断枝丰富,螺贝少量

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东沙海区海丘发现多底栖方式深水珊瑚

Deep-water coral of multiple benthal strategies discovered from mounds in Dongsha Waters, the South China Sea

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