试论主要类型矿床的形成深度与最大延深垂幅

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.30

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在大量典型矿床实地调查和国内外综合对比研究的基础上,基于深部找矿的现实需要和存在问题,本文首先回顾评述了主要矿床类型的原始成矿深度,按受控于中下地壳尺度大规模岩浆堆积体的超深成岩浆矿床与受控于流体渗透率制约的中上地壳深成、中成和浅成岩浆热液矿床序列展开。在此基础上尝试探讨主要类型矿床的最大延深垂幅,探讨分析了以Bushveld层状岩体和Voisey’s Bay小岩体为代表的铜镍矿床、驱龙为代表的斑岩铜矿床、Muruntau为代表的造山型金矿、胶东金矿省的已控制延深垂幅、剥蚀程度以及深部可能的延深空间。内生矿床系统具有很宽的成矿深度范围,大型层状岩体的成矿深度可逾20 km,最大矿化垂直延深幅度可达6~8 km。岩浆热液矿床的最大成矿深度以地壳尺度流体渗透的下限为底界,其中造山型金矿床成矿深度最大(约12~15 km),伟晶岩和花岗岩型矿床次之,斑岩型矿床居中(约2~6 km),浅成低温金银矿床深度最浅(1 km至近地表);相应的最大延深垂幅则依次可达4~7 km、2~3 km和1 km。评述了高渗透性的聚矿构造空间、成矿作用顶峰、合适的矿床保存条件等控制因素及部分标志。并对如何确定合理统一的成岩成矿深度(压力)的估算方法以及确定最大成矿深度与矿化体系最大延深幅度的理论依据、判断标志、综合辨识方法体系等未来研究方向进行了展望。

关键词: 深部找矿, 原始成矿深度, 最大延深垂幅, 层状岩体与小岩体型岩浆矿床, 中温热液金矿, 斑岩铜矿床, 成矿系统剥蚀与保存

Abstract:

Based on a large number of field investigations and comparative studies of typical mineral deposits, and in considerations of the existing problems and practical needs of deep ore prospecting and evaluation, we first review in this paper the depth of ore deposits for the main deposit types, from the ultra-deep magmatic deposits controlled by large-scale magmatic accumulation in the middle-to-lower crust, to the deep, middle and shallow magmatic-hydrothermal deposits controlled by fluid permeability in the middle and upper crust. On this basis, we attempt to explore the maximum vertical extension of the major type ore deposits, and discuss the constrained depth of mineralization, degree of denudation, and possible vertical extension at depth for the copper-nickel (-chromite-PGE) deposits represented by the Bushveld and Voisey’s Bay, the porphyry copper deposits represented by Qulong, the orogenic gold deposits represented by Muruntau, and the Jiaodong gold province. The depth and vertical extension of hypogene mineralization associated with magmatic ore deposit can vary greatly; for example, the depth of mineralization in a layered igneous complex can extend to 20 km, with vertical extension ranging from 6 to 8 km. The maximum depth of magmatic-hydrothermal deposits is at the bottom of the lower crust where fluid penetration occurs. Oroganic gold deposits have the greatest depth, about 12-15 km, followed by pegmatite and granite deposits; porphyry deposits are in the middle, about 2-6 km; and the epithermal Au-Ag deposits have the shallowest depth of less than 1 km to the surface. The corresponding vertical extension of these deposits ranges in 4-7 km, 2-3 km, and 1 km, respectively. The controlling factors and some indicators are reviewed, such as high permeability of ore accumulating structural space, peak of mineralization, and suitable preservation conditions. Future research on the depth of mineralization may focus on such issues including how to determine a reasonable and uniform estimation method for the depth (pressure) of hypogene mineralization, as well as the theoretical basis, judgement markers and comprehensive identification method for determining the maximum depth and vertical extension of deposits.

Key words: deep prospecting, depth of deposits, maximum vertical extension, magmatic ore deposit related to layered complex and small intrusions, mesothermal gold deposit, porphyry Cu deposit, denudation and preservation

中图分类号:

秦克章, 赵俊兴, 范宏瑞, 唐冬梅, 李光明, 余可龙, 曹明坚, 苏本勋. 试论主要类型矿床的形成深度与最大延深垂幅[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(3): 271-294.

QIN Kezhang, ZHAO Junxing, FAN Hongrui, TANG Dongmei, LI Guangming, YU Kelong, CAO Mingjian, SU Benxun. On the ore-forming depth and possible maximum vertical extension of the major type ore deposits[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(3): 271-294.

图/表 15

图1 热液矿床形成深度和构造环境(据文献[11]修改) a—与区域走滑剪切带有关的脉状中温热液金矿;b—赋存于褶皱浊积岩中与走滑陡倾逆向滑移断层有关的脉状中温热液金矿;c—断层或裂隙容矿的浅成热液-卡林型金矿;d—与大型正倾斜-滑移(dip-slip)断层有关的近地表贱金属矿床。

Fig.1 Formation depth and structural environments of some hydrothermal deposits. Modified after [11].

图2 穿过地壳的剖面,显示了可能的区域流体流动模式(据文献[13])

Fig.2 Schematic representation of fluid flow in the deep crust. Adapted after [13].

图3 不同Cu、Au规模的斑岩铜矿的成矿深度与Cu/Au的关系示意图(据文献[27]) CA为与钙碱性岩浆有关的斑岩铜矿,K为与高钾钙碱性-碱性岩浆有关的斑岩铜矿。

Fig.3 Plots of formation depth vs. Cu/Au ratio for porphyry copper deposits. Adapted after [27].

图4 我国主要斑岩Cu-Au-Mo矿床的成矿深度深度数据根据成矿对应阶段的流体包裹体对应的压力计算而得,研究所用静岩压力梯度为27.5 MPa/km。

Fig.4 Ore-forming depth of major porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposits in China

图5 不同斑岩铜矿床的剥蚀程度与地表蚀变矿化对应位置 a—极浅剥蚀或基本未被剥蚀:甲玛、沙让矿区;b—浅剥蚀:驱龙、土屋矿区;c—中浅剥蚀:玉龙、多宝山及铜厂矿床,类似于智利的丘基卡马塔巨型Cu矿;d—中等剥蚀:美国的宾厄姆Cu矿;e—较深剥蚀:多不杂、乌努格吐山、雄村、包古图矿床,矿体延深小于600~800 m;f—深剥蚀:西藏冲江Cu矿;g—剥蚀近根部:新疆喀拉苏Cu矿,矿体浅部呈条状,向下急剧变窄至尖灭。

Fig.5 Schematic diagram showing the degree of denudation in major porphyry copper deposits and the corresponding alteration and mineralization positions at the denudation surface

图6 当前剥蚀面之下各类金属矿床的近似垂直延深范围变化示意图(约等于预计的各类矿床的频率分布)(据文献[30]修改) 黑色实线宽窄,示向深部的矿化延伸变化趋势(保持稳定、增大或者减少乃至尖灭);虚线,示偶尔出现。

Fig.6 Schematic plots of vertical extension at depth (approximately parallel to the predicted frequency distributions of deposits) for the various metal deposits below the present denudation surface. Modified after [30].

表1 全球几个典型层状镁铁、超镁铁岩体

Table 1 List of some typical layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the world

岩体	国家	年龄/ Ma	面积/ km²	厚度/ km	矿化类型
Bushveld Complex	南非	2 060	65 000	7~9	PGE,Cr,V, Fe,Ti,P
Sept Iles	加拿大	564	5 000	6	Fe,Ti,P
Duluth	美国	1 100	5 000	1~5	PGE,Cu,Ni, Fe,Ti,P,V
Muskox	加拿大	1 267	4 400	1.8	PGE,Cu,Ni,Cr
Windimurra	澳大利亚	2 800	2 300	13	PGE,V
Bjerkreim-Sokndal	挪威	930	230	7.5	Fe,Ti,P,V
Skaergaard	格陵兰	55	90	3.5	PGE,Au
Rhum	英国	60	50	1	PGE,Cr
攀枝花	中国	263	30	2~3	Fe,Ti,V
Fedorivka	乌克兰	1 760	3	0.3	Fe,Ti,P,V

图7 南非Bushveld层状岩体的平面与剖面地质图(据文献[31]修改) 东西长约450 km; 南北宽约350 km;厚约8 km。

Fig.7 Geological maps of the Bushveld layered complex in South Africa. Modified after [31].

图8 加拿大沃伊塞湾铜镍矿床剖面图(据文献[72])

Fig.8 Geological section of the Voisey’s Bay copper-nickel deposit in Canada. Adapted from [72].

图9 穆龙套矿区地质图(据文献[82,83,84]修编)

Fig.9 Simplified geological map of the Muruntau gold deposit. Modified after [82,83,84].

图10 穆龙套金矿区近南北向(A-B)和东西向(D-E)剖面图(据文献[82,83,84]修编) 剖面图示宏大的交代岩及矿化延伸(垂深超过2 500 m,斜深超过4 500 m)和3 000 m以深的隐伏花岗岩。

Fig.10 Near S-N (Left: AB line) and E-W (Right: DE line) trending geological section of the Muruntau gold deposit. Modified after [82-84].

图11 三山岛金矿超深探矿剖面(96勘探线)(据文献[89])

Fig.11 Prospecting line profile (Line No.96) of the Sanshandao gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsular, China. Adapted after [89].

图12 三山岛金矿流体包裹体温度、盐度纵向变化图(据文献[89])

Fig.12 Vertical variations of homogenization temperature and salinity of fluid inclusions during the early (blue), middle (red) and late stages of mineralization in the Sanshandao gold deposit in Jiaodong Peninsular. Adapted after [89].

图13 全球典型斑岩型矿床成矿岩体形成深度估算和矿体分布特征对比研究(驱龙矿床相关数据来自文献[95,96],其余矿床及底图改编自文献[97])

Fig.13 Estimation of formation depth of ore-forming intrusions and comparison of distribution characteristics of orebodies in typical porphyry deposits in the world. Qulong data adapted from [95,96]; other data adapted or drawing modified from [97].

图14 西藏驱龙斑岩铜钼矿床5线剖面图剖面图示2 400 m的矿化延深垂幅。

Fig.14 Profile map of exploration line No.5 of the Qulong porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit in Tibet

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