川东南永川地区龙马溪组页岩储层构造裂缝特征及期次演化研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.3.2

地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (3): 298-311.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.3.2

川东南永川地区龙马溪组页岩储层构造裂缝特征及期次演化研究

何建华¹^,²(), 李勇¹, 邓虎成¹^,², 王园园³, 马若龙¹^,², 唐建明⁴

1.成都理工大学能源学院, 四川成都 610059
2.成都理工大学油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室, 四川成都 610059
3.中海石油(中国)有限公司海南分公司, 海南海口 570100
4.中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院, 四川成都 610059

收稿日期:2022-10-26 修回日期:2023-01-21 出版日期:2024-05-25 发布日期:2024-05-25
作者简介:何建华(1990—),男,博士,副研究员,石油地质专业,从事非常规油气储层天然裂缝成因机制与定量表征、地应力场精细描述研究。E-mail: hejianhuadizhi@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42072182);四川省杰出青年人才项目(2020JDJQ0058);四川省科技厅重点苗子项目(22MZGC0159)

Study on tectonic fracture characteristics and stage evolution of Longmaxi shale reservoir in Yongchuan, southeastern Sichuan Basin

HE Jianhua¹^,²(), LI Yong¹, DENG Hucheng¹^,², WANG Yuanyuan³, MA Ruolong¹^,², TANG Jianming⁴

1. College of Energy, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
3. Hainan Branch of China National Offshore Oil Corporation Ltd., Haikou 570100, China
4. Exploration and Development Research Institute, Sinopec Southwest Oil & Gas Company, Chengdu 610059, China

Received:2022-10-26 Revised:2023-01-21 Online:2024-05-25 Published:2024-05-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

天然裂缝发育特征和形成期次对川东南复杂构造区页岩气成藏具有重要意义,且对页岩储层压裂改造效果及高产的控制作用明显。目前对川东南远离盆缘的深层页岩气区块内不同力学成因天然裂缝的特征及形成演化尚缺乏系统研究,制约了盆内深层页岩气的高效勘探开发。基于野外露头、钻井岩心、薄片、地球化学测试及磷灰石定年等资料对永川地区龙马溪组页岩储层构造裂缝特征及形成期次开展了研究。结果表明,龙马溪组页岩主要发育构造成因的中高角度剪切缝,低角度顺层滑脱裂缝和垂直张性缝,此外岩心上可见有非构造成因的层理缝、生烃超压缝以及位于主干断裂部位的热液溶蚀缝。纵向上受矿物组成影响裂缝发育程度由深至浅逐渐降低,平面上受构造影响,在背斜核部或翼部陡坡区裂缝密集发育高角度、组系优势明显且纵向贯穿程度大的裂缝,而平缓区发育低角度、小尺度且组系杂乱的裂缝。研究区裂缝先后经历了燕山晚期—喜马拉雅早期(86~47 Ma)、喜马拉雅中期(47~24 Ma)、喜马拉雅晚期至现今(24 Ma至现今)3期构造运动而形成,不同演化阶段的裂缝发育和充填特征差异明显。第一期,构造裂缝主要为NWW-NNW向共轭剪切裂缝,裂缝多被纤维状方解石和少量石英脉体充填,均一温度介于220~250 ℃;第二期构造裂缝为NW-NNW向共轭剪切裂缝,同时背斜区形成NE向垂直张性裂缝与高角度剖面剪切缝,裂缝被拉长块状方解石或石英脉体充填,均一温度介于180~210 ℃;第三期构造裂缝为单独的NE-NEE向压扭性裂缝,同时改造前期形成的裂缝主要被块状方解石、石英脉体充填,均一温度介于140~180 ℃,这一时期地层抬升导致温度下降明显,裂缝充填性变弱,形成的裂缝不利于页岩气保存。与裂缝形成的地质力学环境进行匹配,构建了永川地区页岩储层3期构造裂缝发育演化模式。该研究有利于深化川东南地区龙马溪组深层页岩储层裂缝演化规律的认识,为页岩气富集和保存条件研究提供借鉴。

关键词: 裂缝特征, 期次演化, 五峰组—龙马溪组页岩, 永川地区, 川东南

Abstract:

Development characteristics and formation stages of natural fractures are of great significance to shale gas accumulation in the complex structural area of southeastern Sichuan. It also significantly influences the effects of hydrofracturing reconstruction and high gas production of shale reservoirs. Currently, there is no systematic study on the characteristics and evolutions of natural fractures with various origins in deep shale gas blocks far from the basin margin in the southeastern Sichuan Basin, which hinders the efficient exploration and development of deep shale gas reservoirs in the basin. Based on field outcrops, drilling cores, thin sections, geochemical data, and apatite dating, the characteristics and formation stages of natural fractures in the Longmaxi Formation shale reservoirs in the Yongchuan area have been studied. The results indicate that the Longmaxi Formation shale mainly developed tectonic fractures, including shear fractures with medium to high angles, low angle slip fractures, and vertical tensile fractures. Additionally, bedding fractures and overpressure fractures are also observed in the cores, with hydrothermal dissolution fractures mainly developed near the main fault zones. Vertically, the density of fracture development gradually decreases from deep to shallow due to variations in mineral compositions. Horizontally, fractures with high angles, distinct single fracture groups, and high vertical penetration capacity are densely developed in the anticline core or wing steep slope area, while fractures with low angles, small scales, and various fracture groups are developed in the gentle areas. Three tectonic movements—the late Yanshan (86-47 Ma), early to middle Himalayan (47-24 Ma), and late Himalayan to present (24-0 Ma)—contributed to the tectonic fractures in this area. The fracture development and filling characteristics in different evolutionary stages are notably different. The study establishes a tectonic fracture development and evolution model of shale in three phases in the Yongchuan area, providing valuable insights into the study of shale gas enrichment and preservation, as well as a deeper understanding of the evolution of shale fractures in the Longmaxi Formation, southeastern Sichuan Basin.

Key words: fractures characteristics, evolution stages, Wufeng-Longmaxi shale, Yongchuan area, southeastern Sichuan Basin

中图分类号:

何建华, 李勇, 邓虎成, 王园园, 马若龙, 唐建明. 川东南永川地区龙马溪组页岩储层构造裂缝特征及期次演化研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(3): 298-311.

HE Jianhua, LI Yong, DENG Hucheng, WANG Yuanyuan, MA Ruolong, TANG Jianming. Study on tectonic fracture characteristics and stage evolution of Longmaxi shale reservoir in Yongchuan, southeastern Sichuan Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(3): 298-311.

图/表 12

图1 川东南构造单元划分和永川区块构造特征图

Fig.1 Tectonic units in southeastern Sichuan Basin and the structural characteristics of Yongchuan area

图2 永川地区周缘龙马溪组野外露头裂缝成因类型特征 (a)龙马溪组上段,露头显示的区域剪切裂缝;(b)龙马溪组上部发育高角度的剪切裂缝;(c)龙马溪组下段,向斜核部顶端可见褶皱张应力派生的张性裂缝;(d)龙马溪组下段,见低角度逆掩断层附近发育断层派生的剪切和张性裂缝;(e)灰黑色页岩见顺层滑脱裂缝,可见光滑摩擦镜面,局部可见透镜状方解石充填。

Fig.2 Genetic types and characteristics of fractures in the Longmaxi Formation outcrops around the Yongchuan area

图3 永川地区龙马溪组龙一段页岩岩心裂缝成因类型 (a)一组平行的垂直剪切缝,方解石全充填,3 861.26 m,YY1井;(b)一组共轭的中高角度的剪切裂缝,缝面平直,方解石全充填,3 869.45 m,YY1井;(c)垂直张性裂缝,缝面弯曲,方解石半充填,3 860.3m,YY6井;(d)早期方解石充填的剪切缝被后期改造并形成了具有走滑性质的微断层,有效性较好,呈雁列式排列,3 135.62 m,YY7井; (e)张性裂缝和剪切裂缝共同发育,其中一期裂缝伴有雁列式排布的S形次级裂缝,3 083.86 m,YY7井;(f)低角度滑脱缝,见光滑摩擦镜面,4 095.77 m,YY2井;(g)层理缝,方解石全充填,3 881.91 m,YY6井;(h)热液蚀变缝,呈网状,见多期方解石充填,内部具有溶蚀孔洞,3 100.54 m,YY7井;(i)热液蚀变缝,见拉长的块状方解石与白云石共同充填,3 100.54 m,YY7井;(j)生烃超压裂缝,呈网状,方解石充填,3 876.28 m,YY6井;(k)生烃超压微裂缝,呈网状,有效性好,4 059.4 m,YY2井;(l)有机质能谱图,k图中三角点的能谱分析图谱,4 059.4 m,YY2井。

Fig.3 Genesis types of fractures in the first member of Longmaxi Formation cores in the Yongchuan area

图4 永川地区岩心裂缝参数 (a)YY7井岩心裂缝综合柱状图;(b)永川地区各小层裂缝平均线密度;(c)永川地区各构造单元钻井岩心裂缝条数与产状统计图;(d)永川地区岩心裂缝长度统计分布直方图;(e)裂缝充填物类型统计图。

Fig.4 Core fracture parameters in the Yongchuan area

图5 野外露头裂缝发育期次与分期配套 (a)烂泥沟地区,龙马溪组页岩发育3组节理;(b)大坝子地区,龙马溪组发育3组节理;(c)龙马溪组野外露头裂缝走向与分期配套;(d)烂泥沟剖面自流井组(J1z)AFT年龄;(e)大坝子剖面须家河组(T3x)AFT年龄。

Fig.5 Stages analysis and development characteristics of joints in the outcrop

图6 永川地区岩心裂缝相互切割关系与分期配套 (a)两个方向顺层滑动擦痕,3 859.52 m,YY6井;(b)两个方向顺层滑动擦痕,3 856.47 m,YY6井;(c)高角度剪切裂缝切割低角度张性缝,3 137.16 m,YY7;(d)高角度张裂缝切割剪切缝,其形成时间较晚,3 134.62 m,YY7井;(e)高角度张性缝切割低角度剪切缝,4 225.68 m,YY1井;(f)成像测井解释天然裂缝走向的分期配套。

Fig.6 Cutting characteristics and analysis of fractures in the cores in Yongchuan area

图7 永川地区龙一段页岩裂缝脉体光学及阴极发光特征 (a)两期纤维状脉体充填,早期为纤维状方解石和石英共同充填,晚期为纤维状方解石充填,3 876.28 m,YY6井;(b)早期纤维状方解石脉体呈亮黄色,晚期方解石呈暗红色,石英脉体不发光,3 876.28 m,YY6井;(c)早期拉长状的方解石充填,晚期颗粒状方解石充填,2 884.74 m,YY9井;(d)早期方解石脉体呈淡黄色,晚期脉体呈现暗红色,2 884.74 m,YY9井;(e)早期方解石脉体被晚期石英与方解石共同充填的脉体切割,并共同被颗粒状的石英和方解石复合脉体切割,3 882.2 m,YY6井;(f)早期方解石发淡黄色光,晚期方解石发强的橘黄色光,3 882.2 m,YY6井;(g)晚期方解石脉体切割早期石英脉体,且最后被无充填裂缝切割,3 882.2 m,YY6井;(h)晚期石英脉体切割早期方解石脉体,3 882.4 m,YY6井;(i)3期方解石脉体互相切割,3 100.68 m,YY7井。

Fig.7 Thin-section images and cathodoluminescence images of the fracture cements in the first member of Longmaxi Formation shales in the Yongchuan area

图8 永川地区龙一段页岩石英和方解石脉体中流体包裹体的发育及形态特征 (a)方解石脉中群状分布的气-液两相盐水包裹体和甲烷包裹体,4 096.25 m,YY2井,单偏光;(b)石英脉体中带状分布的气-液两相盐水包裹体和散布的甲烷包裹体,4 102.91 m,YY3-1井,单偏光;(c)石英脉体中散布状分布的甲烷包裹体和气-液两相盐水包裹体,3 882.2 m,YY6井,单偏光;(d)方解石脉体中散布状的气-液两相盐水包裹体和甲烷包裹体,2 892.64 m,YY9井,单偏光;(e)方解石脉中群状分布的气-液两相盐水包裹体和甲烷包裹体,2 932.3 m,YY9井,单偏光;(f) 方解石脉中群状分布的甲烷包裹体和气-液两相盐水包裹体,2 932.2 m,YY9井,单偏光。

Fig.8 Characteristics of inclusions in quartz and calcite veins in the first member of Longmaxi Formation in the Yongchuan area

图9 裂缝充填物包裹体的均一温度分布直方图

Fig.9 Histogram of homogenization temperature distribution of fracture filling inclusions

图10 裂缝充填物的碳氧同位素交汇分析图

Fig.10 Cross plot anlaysis of carbon and oxygen isotope of fracture filling

图11 永川地区龙马溪组龙一段岩石声发射测试曲线

Fig.11 Rock acoustic emission test curve of the first member of Longmaxi Formation shales in the Yongchuan area

图12 永川地区裂缝形成演化模式

Fig.12 Fracture evolution model in the Yongchuan area

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川东南永川地区龙马溪组页岩储层构造裂缝特征及期次演化研究

Study on tectonic fracture characteristics and stage evolution of Longmaxi shale reservoir in Yongchuan, southeastern Sichuan Basin

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