我国陆相中高熟页岩油富集条件与分布特征

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.8.31

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国相继在多个盆地陆相页岩油勘探中获得突破,展示了良好的发展前景。基于现阶段勘探认识,本文认为陆相页岩油富集主要条件是:(1)稳定且有规模和适宜热成熟度的富有机质页岩是重要物质基础,以TOC含量>2%,最佳为3%~4%、母质类型Ⅰ和Ⅱ₁型为主,R_o>0.9%或更高(咸化环境0.8%);(2)有一定容积规模的微纳米孔隙且具脆性的多类储层是重要条件,页岩储层有效孔隙度宜>3%~6%;成岩阶段偏低时,纯页岩段不是中高熟页岩油富集段,致密砂岩和混积岩黏土含量宜<20%;成岩阶段高时,页岩黏土含量可高至40%左右;(3)滞留烃数量大且品质好是重要保证,以S₁>2 mg/g为门限,最佳>4~6 mg/g;气油比>80 m³/m³,最佳150~300 m³/m³;(4)顶底板具封闭性保持超压且滞留足够多轻-中组分烃类。陆相页岩油分布特征是:(1)有外物质注入的深-半深湖相是页岩油主要富集区;(2)具备“四高一保”条件的页岩层系控制页岩油垂向富集分布;(3)页岩组构与岩性组合对富集区/段分布也有重要控制作用。初步评价我国陆相中高熟页岩油地质资源量(131~163)×10⁸ t,其中经济偏好的地质资源量(67~84)×10⁸ t,主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地长7¹⁺²、松辽盆地古龙凹陷青一、二段、渤海湾盆地沧东、岐口凹陷和济阳坳陷孔店组、沙河街组与准噶尔盆地芦草沟组等层系。

关键词: 陆相中高熟页岩油, “甜点区/段”, 富集条件, 分布特征, 评价标准, 中国陆上

Abstract:

A series of breakthroughs in shale oil exploration have been made in several onshore non-marine basins in China showing good exploration and production potentials. Here we summarize our current understandings on the lacustrine shale oil enrichment and distribution characteristics as well as recent research achievements. The main enrichment conditions are the following: (1) Stable and widely distributed shales with high organic content and appropriate thermal maturity act as the material base for shale oil retention. The critical shale parameters are organic carbon (TOC) greater than 2% (optimal 3%-4%); kerogen Ⅰ and Ⅱ₁ as the dominant organic matter type; and vitrinite reflectance (R_o) greater than 0.9% (0.8% for brackish water environment). (2) Diverse reservoir types with brittle accumulation zones and certain volume of micro-nano-scale porous space are critical for shale oil accumulation. The preferred reservoir features are porosity greater than 3%-6%; non-dominating pure shale interval while including tight sandstones and hybrid rocks with clay content less than 20% in the early diagenetic stage; and higher clay content (up to ~40%) in the pure shale interval in the mid-to-late diagenetic stage. (3) High-abundance and good-quality retention hydrocarbons are important for ensuring high-mobility shale oil accumulation. Generally, a S₁ threshold higher than 2 mg/g is needed (optimal 4-6 mg/g), and a GOR threshold greater than 80 m³/m³ (optimal 50-300 m³/m³) is desired. (4) Excellent roof/floor sealing conditions in the shale oil enrichment interval is essential for maintaining overpressure and retaining sufficient amount of good-quality hydrocarbons. The distribution characteristics of lacustrine shale oil can be summarized as the following: (1) Major shale oil enrichment zones are concentrated in the semi-deep to deep lacustrine deposition areas that have external material inputs such as falling volcanic ashes, hydrothermal solutions, radioactive substances, etc. (2) Intervals with the aforementioned enrichment conditions, or the so called “four highs, one retention” condition, control the vertical distribution of the enrichment intervals. (3) Favorable lithofacies and lithologic assemblages also determine the distribution of enrichment areas. According to the preliminary estimates China has a total of (131-163)×10⁸ t medium-high thermal maturity shale oil reserves, among which (67-84)×10⁸ t are economically viable resources, which are distributed mainly in the Chang 7¹⁺² interval of the Ordos Basin, the Qing-1, 2 members of the Gulong sag, Songliao basin, the Cangdong sag, Qikou sag and Kongdian-Shahejie formations of the Jiyang depression, Bohai Bay basin, and the Lucaogou formation, Junggar basin.

Key words: medium-to-high maturity lacustrine shale oil, sweet-spot, enrichment conditions, distributional features, assessment standard, onshore China

中图分类号:

P618.130.2

赵文智, 朱如凯, 刘伟, 卞从胜, 王坤. 我国陆相中高熟页岩油富集条件与分布特征[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(1): 116-127.

ZHAO Wenzhi, ZHU Rukai, LIU Wei, BIAN Congsheng, WANG Kun. Lacustrine medium-high maturity shale oil in onshore China: Enrichment conditions and occurrence features[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(1): 116-127.

图/表 7

图1 中国石油页岩油年产量变化图

Fig.1 Histogram showing the increase of PetroChina’s annual shale oil productions over the last decade

图2 黄骅坳陷沧东孔二段页岩油试采产量与Ro关系图(数据来自大港油田)

Fig.2 Relationship between shale oil pilot production and Ro in the 2nd member of the Kongdian formation, Cangdong sag, Huanghua depression. Data from PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Co., Ltd.

图3 松辽盆地古龙页岩油形成演化模式图(数据来自大庆油田)

Fig.3 Model diagram showing the evolution of Gulong shale oil in northern Songliao Basin. Data from PetroChina Daqing OilField Co., Ltd.

图4 古龙页岩油地面脱气原油全烃色谱分析结果对比(带压取样)(数据来自大庆油田)

Fig.4 Comparison of total hydrocarbon chromatographic analysis results for different batches of surface de-gassed Gulong crude shale oil under pressure sampling. Data from PetroChina Daqing OilField Co., Ltd.

图5 黄骅坳陷沧东孔二段页岩油气油比与Ro关系图(部分数据来自大港油田)

Fig.5 Relationship between GOR and Ro of shale oil in the 2nd member of the Kongdian formation, Cangdong sag, Huanghua depression. Data partly from PetroChina Dagang Oilfield Co., Ltd.

图6 松辽盆地古页油平1井生产气油比曲线图(数据来自大庆油田)

Fig.6 Production GOR curve of well Guyeyouping-1 in the northern Songliao Basin. Data from PetroChina Daqing OilField Co., Ltd.

图7 吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组与梧桐组测试产量剖面图

Fig.7 Profile showing the production testing results (sweet spots) for the Lucaogou and Wutong formations, Jimsar Depression, eastern Junggar basin

参考文献 41

[1]	白国平, 邱海华, 邓舟舟, 等. 美国页岩油资源分布特征与主控因素研究[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(4): 524-532.
[2]	US Energy Information Administration. Annual energy outlook 2019 with projections to 2050[R]. Washington: US Energy Information Administration, 2021.
[3]	BIRDWELL J E, VANDEN BERG M D, JOHNSON R C, et al. Geological, geochemical, and reservoir characterization of the Uteland Butte member of the Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah[M]//Denver, U.S.: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 2016: 352-378.
[4]	李梦莹, 朱如凯, 胡素云. 海外陆相页岩油地质特征与资源潜力[J]. 岩性油气藏, 2022, 34(1): 1-12.
[5]	赵文智, 胡素云, 侯连华, 等. 中国陆相页岩油类型、资源潜力及与致密油的边界[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(1): 1-10.
[6]	赵文智, 朱如凯, 胡素云, 等. 陆相富有机质页岩与泥岩的成藏差异及其在页岩油评价中的意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(6): 1079-1089.
[7]	赵文智, 张斌, 王晓梅, 等. 陆相源内与源外油气成藏的烃源灶差异[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2021, 48(3): 1-12.
[8]	金之钧, 朱如凯, 梁新平, 等. 当前陆相页岩油勘探开发值得关注的几个问题[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2021, 48(6): 1-12.
[9]	金之钧, 王冠平, 刘光祥, 等. 中国陆相页岩油研究进展与关键科学问题[J]. 石油学报, 2021, 42(7): 821-835. DOI
[10]	邹才能, 朱如凯, 白斌, 等. 致密油与页岩油内涵、特征、潜力及挑战[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报, 2015, 34(1): 1-17.
[11]	邹才能, 杨智, 王红岩, 等. “进源找油”: 论四川盆地非常规陆相大型页岩油气田[J]. 地质学报, 2019, 93(7): 1551-1562.
[12]	杜金虎, 胡素云, 庞正炼, 等. 中国陆相页岩油类型、潜力及前景[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2019, 24(5): 560-568. DOI
[13]	胡素云, 赵文智, 侯连华, 等. 中国陆相页岩油发展潜力与技术对策[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(4): 1-10.
[14]	孙龙德, 刘合, 何文渊, 等. 大庆古龙页岩油重大科学问题与研究路径探析[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2021, 48(3): 453-463.
[15]	何文渊, 蒙启安, 张金友. 松辽盆地古龙页岩油富集主控因素及分类评价[J]. 大庆石油地质与开发, 2021, 40(5): 1-12.
[16]	焦方正, 邹才能, 杨智. 陆相源内石油聚集地质理论认识及勘探开发实践[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(6): 1067-1078.
[17]	杨华, 牛小兵, 徐黎明, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段页岩油勘探潜力[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2016, 43(4): 590-599.
[18]	付金华, 李士祥, 牛小兵, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系长7段页岩油地质特征与勘探实践[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(5): 870-883.
[19]	付锁堂, 金之钧, 付金华, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地延长组7段从致密油到页岩油认识的转变及勘探开发意义[J]. 石油学报, 2021, 42(5): 561-569. DOI
[20]	支东明, 唐勇, 杨智峰, 等. 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷陆相页岩油地质特征与聚集机理[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(3): 524-536.
[21]	霍进, 支东明, 郑孟林, 等. 准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油藏特征与形成主控因素[J]. 石油实验地质, 2020, 42(4): 506-513.
[22]	赵贤正, 周立宏, 蒲秀刚, 等. 陆相湖盆页岩层系基本地质特征与页岩油勘探突破: 以渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷古近系孔店组二段一亚段为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2018, 45(3): 361-372.
[23]	赵贤正, 周立宏, 蒲秀刚, 等. 湖相页岩滞留烃形成条件与富集模式: 以渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷古近系为例[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2020, 47(5): 856-869.
[24]	孙焕泉, 蔡勋育, 周德华, 等. 中国石化页岩油勘探实践与展望[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2019, 24(5): 569-575. DOI
[25]	崔宝文, 陈春瑞, 林旭东, 等. 松辽盆地古龙页岩油甜点特征及分布[J]. 大庆石油地质与开发, 2020, 39(3): 45-55.
[26]	何登发, 马永生, 刘波. 中国含油气盆地深层勘探的主要进展与科学问题[J]. 地学前缘, 2019, 26(1): 1-12. DOI
[27]	李国欣, 朱如凯. 中国石油非常规油气发展现状、挑战与关注问题[J]. 中国石油勘探, 2020, 25(2): 1-13. DOI
[28]	DUGGEN. S, OLGUN. N, CROOT. P, et al. The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle: a review[J]. Biogeosciences, 2010, 7: 827-844. DOI URL
[29]	MOORE C M, MILLS M M, ARRIGO K R, et al. Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2013, 6: 701-710. DOI URL
[30]	OLGUN N, DUGGEN S, CROOT P, et al. Surface ocean iron fertilization: the role of airborne volcanic ash from subduction zone and hot spot volcanoes and related iron fluxes into the Pacific Ocean[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2011, 25: GB4001.
[31]	LI M, GAO J R. Basement faults and volcanic rock distributions in the Ordos Basin[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2010, 53(11): 1625-1633. DOI URL
[32]	TYSON R V. Sedimentation rate, dilution, preservation, and total organic carbon: some results of a modeling study[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2001, 32: 333-339. DOI URL
[33]	KATZ B J. Controlling factors on source rock development: a review of productivity, preservation and sedimentation rate[J]. SEPM Special Publication, 2005, 82: 7-16.
[34]	张文正, 杨华, 杨奕华, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地长7优质烃源岩的岩石学、元素地球化学特征及发育环境[J]. 地球化学, 2008, 37(1): 59-64.
[35]	杨文宽. 球状侵入体的散热过程及其对干酪根的影响[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 1983(3): 283-293.
[36]	王璞珺, 王东坡, 杜小弟. 松辽盆地自坐系青山口组黑色页岩的形成环境及海水侵入的底流模式[J]. 岩相古地理, 1996(1): 34-43.
[37]	毛光周, 刘池洋, 张东东, 等. 铀对(Ⅱ型)低熟烃源岩生烃演化的影响[J]. 地质学报, 2012, 86(11): 1833-1840.
[38]	刘池洋, 赵重远, 杨兴科. 活动性强、深部作用活跃: 中国沉积盆地的两个重要特点[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2000(1): 1-6.
[39]	贺聪, 吉利明, 苏奥, 等. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组热水沉积作用与烃源岩发育的关系[J]. 地学前缘, 2017, 24(6): 277-285. DOI
[40]	侯读杰, 黄清华, 黄福堂, 等. 松辽盆地海侵地层的分子地球化学特征[J]. 石油学报, 1999, 20(2): 30-34. DOI
[41]	冯子辉, 方伟, 王雪, 等. 松辽盆地海侵制约油页岩形成的微体古生物和分子化石证据[J]. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2009, 39(10): 1375-1386.