硫自养反硝化技术工程应用现状及展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.24

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (1): 163-178.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.10.24

硫自养反硝化技术工程应用现状及展望

陈男¹^,²(), 陈方鑫³, 彭彤³, 李冶平²^,⁴, 孙大鑫¹, 原源¹, 刘程田¹, 梅朵朵¹, 詹永恒¹, 汪小童¹, 冯传平¹^,^*()

1.中国地质大学(北京) 水资源与环境学院, 北京市水资源与环境工程重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.东北地质科技创新中心, 辽宁沈阳 110000
3.北京涞澈科技发展有限公司, 北京 100089
4.黑龙江省自然资源调查院, 黑龙江省“两大平原”地下水资源开发与保护重点实验室, 黑龙江哈尔滨 150036

收稿日期:2025-06-25 修回日期:2025-10-10 出版日期:2026-01-25 发布日期:2025-11-10
通信作者: *冯传平(1963—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水污染控制技术和环境净化材料研究。E-mail:fengcp@cugb.edu.cn
作者简介:陈男(1983—),女,教授,博士生导师,主要从事地下水污染修复技术和环境污染地球化学研究。E-mail:chennan@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心区创基金项目(QCJJ2023-41)

Current status and future prospects of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification technology in engineering applications

CHEN Nan¹^,²(), CHEN Fangxin³, PENG Tong³, LI Yeping²^,⁴, SUN Daxin¹, YUAN Yuan¹, LIU Chengtian¹, MEI Duoduo¹, ZHAN Yongheng¹, WANG Xiaotong¹, FENG Chuanping¹^,^*()

1. School of Water Resources and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang 110000, China
3. Beijing Laiche Technology Development Co., Ltd, Beijing 100089, China
4. Natural Resources Survey Institute of Heilongjiang Province, Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources Development and Protection in the Songnen-Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province, Harbin 150036, China

Received:2025-06-25 Revised:2025-10-10 Online:2026-01-25 Published:2025-11-10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微生物反硝化是硝酸盐去除的重要方法。然而,传统的异养反硝化技术依赖外部有机碳源的添加,存在处理成本高、污泥产量大及碳排放强度高等问题。在“双碳”背景之下,寻找经济且环境友好的生物处理技术,成为低碳处理硝酸盐废水的核心问题。硫自养反硝化技术使用还原态硫代替有机碳源作为电子供体驱动生物反硝化过程。与传统异养过程相比,大幅降低碳排放强度和外源碳需求。本文基于硫自养反硝化技术原理与工程应用现状,系统比较了复合型硫基材料和高硫型材料的脱氮性能,讨论了实际应用中硫自养滤料的功能特性。并基于各类反应器在结构配置、物料特性、接触方式、微生物群落富集机制等方面差异,阐释了不同类型反应器在实际应用中的性能特征。在厘清反应体系运行特性的基础上,本文综述了自养反硝化技术在市政、工业、生态等脱氮领域工程规模的应用,探讨了硫自养反硝化技术在市政污水、高盐废水及人工湿地等多场景高效脱氮应用现状,量化了硫自养技术的运行成本及环境效益。最后,展望了未来硫自养反硝化的研究方向,通过材料开发、基因工程靶向调控推动工艺标准化以突破工程化瓶颈,最终构建低碳高效的硫自养脱氮技术体系,以期为硫自养反硝化技术的工程化应用提供重要参考。

关键词: 微生物代谢, 反应器构建, 硫基复合材料, 低碳脱氮, 工程应用

Abstract:

Biological denitrification is a key technology for nitrate removal. However, conventional heterotrophic denitrification requires external organic carbon sources, which leads to high operational costs, excessive sludge production, and significant carbon emissions. In the context of the “Dual Carbon Goals,” selecting cost-effective and environmentally sustainable biological treatment technologies has become a crucial strategy for low-carbon nitrate wastewater remediation. Sulfur-autotrophic denitrification (SAD) utilizes elemental sulfur or sulfides as electron donors to support microbial nitrate reduction. Compared to traditional heterotrophic processes, SAD significantly reduces carbon emissions and the need for external carbon sources. This review systematically examines the principles and engineering applications of SAD, compares the nitrogen removal performances of composite sulfur-based materials and high-sulfur-content substrates, and discusses the functional roles of sulfur-autotrophic filter media in practical implementations. By elucidating differences in reactor configurations, material properties, contact mechanisms, and microbial community enrichment strategies, this work highlights the performance characteristics of various reactor types in real-world scenarios. Based on an analysis of system operational features, the review summarizes full-scale applications of autotrophic denitrification in municipal, industrial, and ecological contexts. It explores the current use of SAD in areas such as municipal wastewater treatment, high-salinity effluents, and constructed wetlands, and provides a quantitative evaluation of its operational costs and environmental benefits. Finally, the review outlines future research directions for SAD, emphasizing material development and genetic engineering-based targeted regulation to standardize processes and overcome engineering bottlenecks. The ultimate goal is to establish a low-carbon, high-efficiency sulfur-autotrophic nitrogen removal system, offering valuable insights for the engineering application of SAD technology.

Key words: microbial metabolism, reactor construction, sulfur-based composite materials, low-carbon nitrogen removal, engineering application

中图分类号:

X703.1

陈男, 陈方鑫, 彭彤, 李冶平, 孙大鑫, 原源, 刘程田, 梅朵朵, 詹永恒, 汪小童, 冯传平. 硫自养反硝化技术工程应用现状及展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(1): 163-178.

CHEN Nan, CHEN Fangxin, PENG Tong, LI Yeping, SUN Daxin, YUAN Yuan, LIU Chengtian, MEI Duoduo, ZHAN Yongheng, WANG Xiaotong, FENG Chuanping. Current status and future prospects of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification technology in engineering applications[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(1): 163-178.

图/表 7

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序号	名称	进水类型与应用场景	容积负荷/kg ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N/(m³·d)	主要电子供体及含量/%	粒径/mm	应用成熟度	文献
1	硫基复合材料(NSAD)	多场景下的硝酸盐污染水体	0.08~0.58	硫黄/ 55~85	3~6	商用	[27]
2	自养缓释活性滤料	工业园区污水	0.64	硫黄/ 70~80	2~3	商用	[30]
3	新型硫-缓释碳源混合填料(SRC)	市政生活污水	0.21	单质硫/50		小试	[31]
4	硫包覆铁碳微电解填料	垃圾渗滤液处理厂/膜反应器	0.30	单质硫、铁	5	小试	[32]
5	硫自养反硝化功能生物载体材料	市政生活污水/膜反应器	0.20	硫黄、硫粉、硫化钠/ 7.8		小试	[33]
6	硫黄-高分子导电生物硫自养材料	市政生活污水/流化床	0.002 1	硫黄 / 3	3~5	小试	[34]
7	五合一复合硫自养反硝化材料	市政生活污水/人工湿地	0.017	单质硫、硫代硫酸钠/ 18	≥5	实验室	[35]
8	富铁泥碳-硫自养反硝化材料	市政生活污水/填充床	0.045	单质硫 / 80	3~6	实验室	[36]
9	铁碳基复合硫自养反硝化填料	二级生化污水	0.44	黄铁矿、硫黄/50	3~5	实验室	[37]
10	硫化-纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)	地表水/人工湿地	0.021	单质硫、铁、 Fe²⁺/ 30~67		实验室	[38]
11	石蜡强化硫-菱铁矿集成复合材料	污水处理厂二级出水	0.019	单质硫、菱铁矿/25	3~5	实验室	[39]

序号	名称	进水类型与应用场景	容积负荷/kg ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N/(m³·d)	主要电子供体及含量/%	粒径/mm	应用成熟度	文献
1	硫基复合材料(NSAD)	多场景下的硝酸盐污染水体	0.08~0.58	硫黄/ 55~85	3~6	商用	[27]
2	自养缓释活性滤料	工业园区污水	0.64	硫黄/ 70~80	2~3	商用	[30]
3	新型硫-缓释碳源混合填料(SRC)	市政生活污水	0.21	单质硫/50		小试	[31]
4	硫包覆铁碳微电解填料	垃圾渗滤液处理厂/膜反应器	0.30	单质硫、铁	5	小试	[32]
5	硫自养反硝化功能生物载体材料	市政生活污水/膜反应器	0.20	硫黄、硫粉、硫化钠/ 7.8		小试	[33]
6	硫黄-高分子导电生物硫自养材料	市政生活污水/流化床	0.002 1	硫黄 / 3	3~5	小试	[34]
7	五合一复合硫自养反硝化材料	市政生活污水/人工湿地	0.017	单质硫、硫代硫酸钠/ 18	≥5	实验室	[35]
8	富铁泥碳-硫自养反硝化材料	市政生活污水/填充床	0.045	单质硫 / 80	3~6	实验室	[36]
9	铁碳基复合硫自养反硝化填料	二级生化污水	0.44	黄铁矿、硫黄/50	3~5	实验室	[37]
10	硫化-纳米零价铁(S-nZVI)	地表水/人工湿地	0.021	单质硫、铁、 Fe²⁺/ 30~67		实验室	[38]
11	石蜡强化硫-菱铁矿集成复合材料	污水处理厂二级出水	0.019	单质硫、菱铁矿/25	3~5	实验室	[39]

反应器类型	形式	优势	挑战	反应体系	${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N 去除率/%	${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N去除负荷/ (kg ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N/(m³·d))	适用场景	应用成熟度	引文
固定床反应器(PBR)	生物滤池	可调整性强,抗冲击能力强	传质效率低,易堵塞	微生物附着在固定载体表面,硫(粒径2~8 mm)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	85.3~98.0	0.19~1.36	市政污水,工业废水,生活污水	中试规模、工程应用	[27,102-109]
固定床反应器(PBR)	生物过滤器	可调整性强,抗冲击能力强	传质效率低,易堵塞	微生物附着在固定载体表面,硫(粒径2~8 mm)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	95.0~99.2	0.75~1.30	市政污水,工业废水,生活污水	实验室规模	[48,110-115]
流化床反应器 (FBR)	流化床反应器/移动床生物膜反应器 (MBBR)	传质效率高,脱氮效率高	能耗高,抗冲击能力较弱	微生物附着在悬浮载体表面,硫(粒径以μm计)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	84.5~98.0	0.18~0.61	高浓度硝酸盐废水,生活污水	实验室规模	[49,69,116]
膜生物反应器 (MBR)	膜生物反应器(MBR)	高效进行固液分离,有效截留微生物	投资成本高,膜组件污染	生物降解与膜过滤协同	68.0~95.4	0.28~4.00	市政污水,工业废水	实验室规模	[50,73,76,117-118]
活性污泥反应器	升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)/厌氧折流板反应(ABR)	无需设置填料,容积利用率高	耐冲击能力差,会出现污泥流失	没有固定载体,利用活性污泥降解污染物	约100.0	0.79~1.53	高浓度硫酸盐工业废水	实验室规模	[51,78]
土壤系统反应器	土壤渗滤系统(SIS)	基建投资少,运行管理简单	占地面积较大,效率受环境影响	微生物附着在土壤上,硫作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	70.3~88.6	0.21~0.53	生活污水	实验室规模	[53,85-86]
土壤系统反应器	人工湿地(CW)	基建投资少,运行管理简单	占地面积较大,效率受环境影响	微生物附着在土壤上,硫作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	69.2~96.4		污水处理厂尾水,河湖生态修复	中试规模、试验性工程应用	[52,87-89,93]
电化学反应器	生物电化学反应器(BER)	反应条件温和,环境友好	成本高,受电极材料限制	外接电源,利用微生物与电化学过程耦合	57.0~97.2	0.01~0.08	污水处理厂尾水	实验室规模	[54,97,119]
电化学反应器	微生物燃料电池(MFC)	反应条件温和,环境友好	成本高,受电极材料限制	利用微生物催化降解并转化为电能	58.7~100.0	0.07~0.09	含硫化物工业废水	实验室规模	[98-99]

反应器类型	形式	优势	挑战	反应体系	${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N 去除率/%	${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N去除负荷/ (kg ${\mathrm{NO}}_{3}^{-}$-N/(m³·d))	适用场景	应用成熟度	引文
固定床反应器(PBR)	生物滤池	可调整性强,抗冲击能力强	传质效率低,易堵塞	微生物附着在固定载体表面,硫(粒径2~8 mm)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	85.3~98.0	0.19~1.36	市政污水,工业废水,生活污水	中试规模、工程应用	[27,102-109]
固定床反应器(PBR)	生物过滤器	可调整性强,抗冲击能力强	传质效率低,易堵塞	微生物附着在固定载体表面,硫(粒径2~8 mm)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	95.0~99.2	0.75~1.30	市政污水,工业废水,生活污水	实验室规模	[48,110-115]
流化床反应器 (FBR)	流化床反应器/移动床生物膜反应器 (MBBR)	传质效率高,脱氮效率高	能耗高,抗冲击能力较弱	微生物附着在悬浮载体表面,硫(粒径以μm计)作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	84.5~98.0	0.18~0.61	高浓度硝酸盐废水,生活污水	实验室规模	[49,69,116]
膜生物反应器 (MBR)	膜生物反应器(MBR)	高效进行固液分离,有效截留微生物	投资成本高,膜组件污染	生物降解与膜过滤协同	68.0~95.4	0.28~4.00	市政污水,工业废水	实验室规模	[50,73,76,117-118]
活性污泥反应器	升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)/厌氧折流板反应(ABR)	无需设置填料,容积利用率高	耐冲击能力差,会出现污泥流失	没有固定载体,利用活性污泥降解污染物	约100.0	0.79~1.53	高浓度硫酸盐工业废水	实验室规模	[51,78]
土壤系统反应器	土壤渗滤系统(SIS)	基建投资少,运行管理简单	占地面积较大,效率受环境影响	微生物附着在土壤上,硫作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	70.3~88.6	0.21~0.53	生活污水	实验室规模	[53,85-86]
土壤系统反应器	人工湿地(CW)	基建投资少,运行管理简单	占地面积较大,效率受环境影响	微生物附着在土壤上,硫作为电子供体,硝酸盐作为电子受体	69.2~96.4		污水处理厂尾水,河湖生态修复	中试规模、试验性工程应用	[52,87-89,93]
电化学反应器	生物电化学反应器(BER)	反应条件温和,环境友好	成本高,受电极材料限制	外接电源,利用微生物与电化学过程耦合	57.0~97.2	0.01~0.08	污水处理厂尾水	实验室规模	[54,97,119]
电化学反应器	微生物燃料电池(MFC)	反应条件温和,环境友好	成本高,受电极材料限制	利用微生物催化降解并转化为电能	58.7~100.0	0.07~0.09	含硫化物工业废水	实验室规模	[98-99]

项目	参数	硫自养反硝化滤池	上向流滤池	降流式反硝化深床滤池
功能填料参数	功能填料	还原态硫;	陶粒/石英砂	天然海砂
	粒径范围	粒径:3~20 mm	4~9 mm(陶粒);0.8~2 mm, 不均匀系数小于2(石英砂)	1.7~3.35 mm
	机械强度	磨损率和破碎率之和应不大于6%, 简压强度应不小于 4 MPa	压碎值≤10%,磨损率≤3%	莫氏硬度6~7
设计参数	容积负荷	0.1~0.8 kg N/(m³·d)	0.8~1.2 kg N/(m³·d)	0.3~1.6 kg N/(m³·d)
	滤速	上向流≤10 m/h 下向流≤8 m/h	8~20 m/h	4.5~8 m/h
	气洗强度	14~30 L/(m²·s)	12~14 L/(m²·s)	20~30.5 L/(m²·s)
	水洗强度	6~9 L/(m²·s)	5~6 L/(m²·s)(陶粒); 2~3 L/(m²·s)(石英砂)	3.8~4.4 L/(m²·s)
	气水联合气洗强度	14~30 L/(m²·s)	12~14 L/(m²·s)	20~30.5 L/(m²·s)
	气水联合水洗强度	6~9 L/(m²·s)	5~6 L/(m²·s)(陶粒); 2~3 L/(m²·s)(石英砂)	3.8~4.4 L/(m²·s)
	反洗周期	反冲洗周期宜为 3~15 d	应根据滤池进出水水质、运行期终水头损失以及水厂运行管理等因素,通过试验或参照相似条件下已有滤池的经验确定	过滤水头1.5~2.4 m
	反洗时间组合	气洗2~5 min-气水联合 5~10 min-水洗5~10 min	气洗2~3 min-气水联合 4~6 min-水洗3~4 min	气洗3~5 min-气水联合 10~15 min-水洗5~10 min
参考文献		[124]	[125-126]	[127]

硫自养反硝化技术工程应用现状及展望

Current status and future prospects of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification technology in engineering applications

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应用场景	设计或运行水量/(m³·d^-1)	脱氮浓度ΔTN/(mg·L^-1)	单位脱氮量运行成本/[元/(m³·(mg·L^-1))]	参考文献
石化废水	6 000	85	0.036	[130]
化工园区废水	60 000	5	0.016(仅填料成本)	[138]
工业园区废水	22 000~25 000	5	0.01~0.015(仅填料成本)	[139]
工业园区废水	40 000	平均8.75	0.03~0.035(仅填料成本)	[30]
印染废水	86.4~379.2	平均11.2	0.02	[143]
生活污水	最大336	6~13	0.008~0.018	[144]