湘北仁里伟晶岩型稀有金属矿田的地质特征及成矿机制概述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2023.5.24

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湘北仁里稀有金属伟晶岩矿田位于江南造山带中段,由仁里铌钽铍矿床、永享-传梓源锂铍铌钽矿床和黄柏山锂铍铌钽矿床组成,是我国近年来东部新发现的特大型花岗伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽矿田。该矿田内各伟晶岩脉围绕矿田北部的幕阜山西南缘花岗岩杂岩体成群成带分布,自杂岩体向外,微斜长石型、微斜长石-钠长石型、钠长石型和钠长石-锂辉石型伟晶岩依次产出。仁里矿床5号脉是区内规模最大的铌钽矿脉,表现出岩浆和热液两阶段成矿的特征;永享-传梓源矿床206号脉是区内规模最大的锂辉石伟晶岩脉,锂辉石遭受了强烈的晚阶段热液交代作用,多转化为腐锂辉石;黄柏山矿床603号脉是区内新发现的锂辉石伟晶岩矿脉,具有交代作用弱、品位高的特点。仁里5号脉的流体包裹体特征显示该矿脉的热液阶段成矿作用较为发育,由流体包裹体显微测温结果估算5号脉核部带形成于约550 ℃、约350 MPa。综合已有资料,仁里矿田表现出:燕山期(约130 Ma)陆内造山作用成矿,陆内造山作用使高成熟度的沉积基底,即新元古代冷家溪群,深熔产生花岗质岩浆;在岩浆的多阶段侵入活动中,晚阶段二云母花岗岩浆分异出伟晶岩熔体;伟晶岩在经历热液交代作用改造后,富集铌钽,但贫化Li。因此,陆内造山过程中变泥质岩深熔作用、“体中体”式岩浆分异模式、岩浆和热液两阶段成矿作用叠加构成了仁里矿田的成矿特色。

关键词: 稀有金属伟晶岩, 仁里矿田, 幕阜山花岗岩杂岩体, 陆内造山, 热液成矿作用

Abstract:

The Renli orefield in northern Hunan is a newly discovered pegmatite Li-Ta-Nb orefield in eastern China. It is located in the middle Jiangnan orogenic belt and consists mainly the Renli Nb-Ta-Be deposit, Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposit and Huangbaishan Li-Be-Nb-Ta deposit. Pegmatite dikes in the northern orefield distribute along the southwestern margin of the Mufushan complex, forming distinct pegmatite zonation. Outwards from the complex, the pegmatite types are divided into microcline, microcline albite, albite and albite spodumene. Among the pegmatite dikes, Renli No.5 is the largest Nb-Ta ore body, which exhibits two-stage magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization characteristics; Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan No.206 is the largest spodumene dike in the area, where spodumene occurs mostly as pseudomorph due to strong late-stage metasomatism; and Huangbaishan No.603 is a newly discovered spodumene dike characterized by high-grade Li₂O and weak metasomatism. Hydrothermal fluid played an important role in the rare-metal mineralization of Renli No.5, which is evidenced by the occurrence of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions. Fluid inclusion microthermometry reveals the Renli No.5 core formed at ~550 ℃ and ~350 MPa. According to existing data, the Renli orefield formed during the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny (~130 Ma). The data show that during intracontinental orogeny granitic melts formed from basement rocks, i.e. the anatexis of the Neoproterozoic Lengjiaxi Group; then during multi-stage granitoid intrusion the late-stage two-mica granitic melts fractionated into pegmatite-forming melt; finally the hydrothermal metasomatism resulted in Nb and Ta enrichment and Li depletion in pegmatites. Thus, rare-metal mineralization in pegmatites in the Renli orefield can be characterized by metapelite anatexis during intracontinental orogeny, granitic magma differentiation, and two-stage magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization.

Key words: rare-metal pegmatite, Renli orefield, Mufushan granitic complex, intracontinental orogeny, hydrothermal mineralization

中图分类号:

李建康, 李鹏, 黄志飚, 周芳春, 张立平, 黄小强. 湘北仁里伟晶岩型稀有金属矿田的地质特征及成矿机制概述[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(5): 1-25.

LI Jiankang, LI Peng, HUANG Zhibiao, ZHOU Fangchun, ZHANG Liping, HUANG Xiaoqiang. Geological features and formation mechanism of pegmatite-type rare-metal deposits in the Renli orefield, northern Hunan, China—an overview[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(5): 1-25.

图/表 20

图1 幕阜山花岗岩杂岩体大地构造位置(a)与地质矿产简图(b)(据文献[7]修改) A—仁里-秦家坊伟晶岩密集区;B—黄泥洞-三岔埚伟晶岩密集区;C—断峰山-北港伟晶岩密集区。

Fig.1 Geotectonic location (a) and geological map of the Mufushan granitic complex (b). Modified after [7].

图2 仁里矿田地质简图(据文献[6]修改) 1—第四系;2—二云母二长花岗岩(RLG-2);3—似斑状黑云母二长花岗岩;4—片麻状黑云母二长花岗岩;5—新元古代二云母斜长花岗岩;6—冷家溪群;7—微斜长石伟晶岩及编号;8—微斜长石钠长石伟晶岩;9—钠长石伟晶岩及编号;10—钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩及编号;11—断裂;12—伟晶岩类型(详见正文)及分带界线;13—矿床范围;14—山峰及海拔(单位为m)。

Fig.2 Geological sketch map of the Renli orefield. Modified after [6].

表1 仁里矿田各类型伟晶岩的主要特征(据文献[6])

Table 1 Characteristics of pegmatite types in the Renli orefield. Adapted from [6].

伟晶岩特征	微斜长石伟晶岩(Ⅰ)	微斜长石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅱ)	钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅲ)	锂辉石-钠长石伟晶岩(Ⅳ)
相对于幕阜山杂岩体的位置	内接触带	距岩体0~2.5 km	距岩体2.5~3.0 km	距岩体>3.0 km
伟晶岩规模	中	大	中	大
伟晶岩形态	膨胀收缩状	分枝复合	不规则	不规则
伟晶岩产状	变化复杂或透镜状	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定	似层状,产状较稳定
结构、构造	以原生熔体结晶结构为主,局部有钠长石化	原生熔体结晶结构及交代结构,钠长石化、白云母化较强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构,钠长石化、白云母化强烈	以交代残余结构为主,残留原生结构
主要造岩矿物	微斜长石为主,石英、钠长石次之	钠长石、微斜长石为主,石英次之	钠长石为主,微斜长石、石英次之	钠长石、锂辉石为主,微斜长石、石英次之
矿种组合	铍	铍、铌钽	铌钽	铌钽、锂
交代作用	弱	中	强	强
主要稀有矿物特征	铌铁矿呈黑色板状、针状;绿柱石呈蓝色短柱状	铌-钽铁矿为黑色,板状、粒状、针状、片状;绿柱石为蓝色或浅绿色,粗粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为褐色,块状、粒状、针状;绿柱石呈淡绿色细粒长柱状	铌-钽铁矿为棕褐或褐色,针状、粒状;绿柱石呈淡黄色,细粒长柱状

表2 仁里矿田伟晶岩内部结构带特征(据文献[6,18])

Table 2 Characteristics of pegmatite inner-zones in the Renli orefield. Adapted from [6,18].

结构带	所在伟晶岩类型	主要矿物(体积分数/%)	次要矿物	矿化特征
粗粒微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英(20~30);微斜长石(40~50)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
文象结构带	Ⅰ、Ⅱ类型内部	石英20~35;微斜长石(50~70)	斜长石、白云母	偶见绿柱石
块体微斜长石带	Ⅰ内部	石英20;微斜长石(70~80)	钠长石、白云母	绿柱石
白云母带	Ⅰ内部偶见	石英(20~60);白云母(20~50)	微斜长石、钠长石	偶见绿柱石
微斜长石钠长石带	Ⅱ标型结构带	石英(20~35);微斜长石(15~35); 钠长石(15~35);白云母(<30)	石榴石	铍铌钽矿化带, 产出绿柱石、铌钽铁矿
钠长石带	Ⅲ标型结构带, Ⅱ、Ⅳ中偶见	石英(15~35);钠长石(35~65)	白云母、微斜长石、石榴子石	铌钽矿化带, 产出铌钽铁矿和绿柱石
锂云母钠长石带	Ⅱ中偶见	石英(30~40);锂云母(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	白云母、微斜长石、锂电气石	铌钽锂含矿带,产锂云母、铯沸石、铯绿柱石、锂电气石、细晶石
钠长石锂辉石带	Ⅳ标型结构带	石英(20~30);钠长石(30~50); 锂辉石(10~30)	微斜长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿
石英锂辉石带	Ⅳ核部	石英(30~50);锂辉石(20~40); 钠长石(10~20)	钠长石、白云母	锂矿化带,产锂辉石、铌钽铁矿

图3 仁里5号伟晶岩内部结构分带剖面图(据文献[6,19])

Fig.3 Cross section of Renli No.5 showing the inner zonation. Adapted from [6,19].

图4 仁里矿床5号伟晶岩样品照片(据文献[19,21]) a—文象结构带(I带)与微斜长石钠长石带(II带)接触关系;b—白云母钠长石带(III带);c—白云母钠长石带与石榴石钠长石带(IV带)接触关系;d—锂云母钠长石带(V带);e—产在V带中的铯绿柱石;f—V带中与锂云母-石英-钠长石集合体共生的铯沸石。Mcl—微斜长石;Qtz—石英;Ab—钠长石;Ebt—锂电气石;Byl—绿柱石;Sps—锰铝榴石;VBrl—铯绿柱石;Plc—铯沸石;LQA—锂云母-石英-钠长石组合体。

Fig.4 Examples of Renli No.5 pegmatite. Adapted from [19,21].

图5 仁里矿床5号伟晶岩脉各结构带样品的背散射照片(据文献[21] 修改) a—II带中微斜长石与钠长石以平直边界接触,微斜长石内产出钠长石固溶体;b—III带中白云母与钠长石共生;c—IV带中,石榴子石被晚期热液活动破坏,粒间穿插富锂多硅白云母;d—V带中,由锂云母、石英和钠长石组成的矿物集合体中产出浸染状钽锰矿。Ab—钠长石;Grt—石榴子石;Li-Mus—富锂多硅白云母;Lpd—锂云母;Mcl—微斜长石;Mtl—铌钽锰矿;Qtz—石英;Ut—铀钍矿。II—V带所对应的内部结构带同图3和图4。

Fig.5 BSE images of samples from different zones of Renli No.5 dike. Modified after [21].

图6 仁里5号脉云母矿物分类图(据文献[22-23]) I~V带所对应的伟晶岩内部分带同图3和4。

Fig.6 Classification diagram of micas in Renli No.5 dike. Adapted from [22-23].

图7 仁里5号花岗伟晶岩脉铌铁矿族矿物的背散射照片(据文献[25]) a, b—I带中具有韵律环带结构的铌钽铁矿;c—II带中具有韵律环带结构的铌铁矿;d—III带具韵律结构的铌钽铁矿;e—IV带中穿插有富Ta条带的铌钽铁矿;f—V带中无明显韵律环带的铌锰矿,铌锰矿边缘存在富Ta斑块。I~V所对应的伟晶岩内部分带同图3和4。

Fig.7 BSE images of columbite-tantalite in Renli No.5 dike. Adapted from [25].

图8 永享206号伟晶岩脉巷道编录图(据文献[18]) 1—片岩; 2—石英;3—白云母锂辉石钠长石伟晶岩;4—含石榴石白云母钠长石伟晶岩;5—产状;6—锂辉石,线条符号不代表锂辉石含量, 仅用于指示晶体生长方向;7—采样点。

Fig.8 Geological section of mine tunnel crossing Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan No.206 dike. Adapted from [18].

图9 永享206号伟晶岩脉样品BSE照片(据文献[18]修改) a—锂辉石边缘镶嵌热液交代成因的白云母、钾长石和钠长石等矿物;b—交代残留锂辉石与石英交织生长;c, d—锂辉石假象中,蠕虫状石英与钾长石、钠长石、次生锂辉石、锂绿泥石+石英集合体交织生长;e—锂辉石被交代成锂绿泥石+石英、钾长石+石英和白云母+石英等矿物组合;f—锂辉石被交代为钾长石+石英和白云母+石英等矿物组合。Spd—锂辉石;Ab—钠长石;Ms—白云母;Mgn—铌锰矿;Kfs—钾长石;Qz—石英;Grt—石榴子石;1—锂绿泥石+石英集合体;2—未知矿物集合体。

Fig.9 BSE images of samples from Yongxiang-Chuanziyuan No.206 dike. Modified after [18].

图10 黄柏山603号脉露头形态(a)、探槽TC7201(b)、TC6603(c)剖面图(据文献[27]修改) 603号岩脉长度约1 740 m,虚线部分为隐伏部分,其产状不明;比例尺不适用于隐伏部分。

Fig.10 Huangbaishan No.603 dike outcrop (a), and sections of trenches TC7201 (b) and TC6603 (c). Modified from [27].

图11 黄柏山矿床锂辉石伟晶岩样品显微镜及BSE照片(据文献[27]) a—新鲜锂辉石(正交偏光);b—少数锂辉石边部产出毛发状细粒锂辉石(BSE图像);c—少数锂辉石边部产出蠕虫状锂辉石+石英合晶(正交偏光);d—锂辉石边部产出蠕虫状锂辉石+石英合晶 (BSE图像);e—弱蚀变锂辉石(正交偏光);f—弱蚀变锂辉石(BSE图像);Qtz—石英;Ab—钠长石;Spd—锂辉石;Ms—白云母。

Fig.11 Photomicrographs and BSE images of spodumene pegmatite from Huangbaishan No.603 dike. Adapted from [27].

图12 仁里矿床5号脉石英中的流体包裹体显微照片(据文献[21]) (a)、(b)、(c)分别为I、II和III石英中流体包裹体显微照片,显示出包裹体成群分布或岩石英内部裂隙产出,包裹体间的大小、气液比差别大,显示出次生包裹体特征。在IV带石英中,同一包裹体组(FIA)内的包裹体具有一致的气液比和相近的大小(d);一些包裹体孤立分布于IV带(e)和V带(f)中,这些包裹体表现出原生包裹体特征。I~V所对应的内部分带同图3和图4。

Fig.12 Quartz-hosting fluid inclusions in Renli No.5 dike. Adapted from [21].

图13 仁里矿床5号脉石英中流体包裹体的均一温度-盐度图(据文献[21])

Fig.13 Homogenization temperature-salinity diagram for quartz-hosting fluid inclusions in Renli No.5 dike. Adapted from [21].

图14 仁里矿田5号岩脉锂云母钠长石带形成的p-T条件(据文献[21]) 点虚线是盐度为10%NaCl的流体包裹体等容线,标注有包裹体均一温度范围。浅灰色区域为锂云母在盐度约10%NaCl的H2O-NaCl溶液中的初始(方形符号)和终止(圆形符号)结晶p-T范围。深灰色区域为应用流体包裹体等深线和锂云母结晶p-T条件,估算的5号岩脉结晶p-T条件。LiAlSiO4-SiO2-H2O相图引用自London[34]。

Fig.14 p-T conditions for the formation of lepidolite-albite zone of Renli No.5 dike. Adapted from [21].

表3 仁里矿田花岗岩-伟晶岩年代学数据

Table 3 Chronological data for granite and pegmatite in the Renli orefield

测试地质体	定年矿物	同位素体系	年龄/Ma	参考文献
仁里ZK708深部240 m隐伏黑云母花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	146.2±0.2	[37]
黑云母二长花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	140.7±0.7 140.3±0.7	[10]
黑云母二长花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	139.3±0.2	[38]
二云母花岗岩	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	138.3±0.3	[10]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	锆石	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	131.2±2.4	[10]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	铌钽铁矿	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	133.0±2.6	[10]
仁里5号脉ZK1616伟晶岩样品	辉钼矿	Re-Os	130.5±1.1	[39]
仁里5号伟晶岩脉	锂云母	Ar-Ar	125.0±1.4	[19]
钠长石锂辉石伟晶岩	白云母	Ar-Ar	130.8±0.8	[38]
黄柏山603号锂辉石伟晶岩	铌钽铁矿	LA-ICP-MS U-Pb	133.0±1.5	未发表

图15 仁里矿床白云母K/Rb与Cs、Rb,Ta/Nb与Ta、TiO2、Li,F与Li协变关系图(据文献[13]修改)

Fig.15 Binary element plots of K/Rb vs. Cs and Rb, Ta/Nb vs. Li, Ta and TiO2, and F vs. Li for muscovite from the Renli orefiled. Modified after [13].

图16 仁里矿田锆石εHf(t)和Hf模式年龄直方图及εHf(t)-年龄图(据文献[10])

Fig.16 εHf(t) and Hf model age histograms and εHf(t) vs. U-Pb age diagram for zircons from granite, pegmatites and Neoproterozoic schists from the Renli orefield. Adapted from [10].

图17 仁里伟晶岩矿田稀有金属成矿模式图

Fig.17 Rare-metal mineralization model for the Renli orefield

参考文献 82

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