青海省祁漫塔格牛苦头铅锌矿床年代学与矿物微量元素特征研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.27

地学前缘 ›› 2025, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (5): 326-344.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.11.27

青海省祁漫塔格牛苦头铅锌矿床年代学与矿物微量元素特征研究

王新雨¹(), 王书来¹^,^*(), 刘明², 祝新友¹, 刘家军³, 杨新雨¹, 王幻¹, 王玉往¹, 吴锦荣²

1.北京矿产地质研究院有限责任公司, 中国地质调查局矿产资源绿色评价研究中心, 北京 100012
2.青海鸿鑫矿业有限公司, 青海格尔木 816099
3.中国地质大学(北京), 北京 100083

收稿日期:2024-08-15 修回日期:2024-11-01 出版日期:2025-09-25 发布日期:2025-10-14
通信作者: 王书来
作者简介:王新雨(1991—),男,博士,高级工程师,从事矿产勘查与矿床成矿规律研究工作。E-mail: wxyu1991@126.com
基金资助:
中国铜业重点科技项目“青海省格尔木牛苦头及外围铅锌成矿规律研究与潜力评价(QHHX-KZ-JF2020-001)”

Study on the chronology and trace element characteristics of skarn mineral in the Niukutou deposit, Qimantag region, Qinghai Province

WANG Xinyu¹(), WANG Shulai¹^,^*(), LIU Ming², ZHU Xinyou¹, LIU Jiajun³, YANG Xinyu¹, WANG Huan¹, WANG Yuwang¹, WU Jinrong²

1. Beijing Institute of Geology for Mineral Resources Co., Ltd., Research Center for Green Evaluation of Mineral Resources, CGS, Beijing 100012, China
2. The Qinghai Hongxin Mining Co., Ltd, Golmud 816099, China
3. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 10083, China

Received:2024-08-15 Revised:2024-11-01 Online:2025-09-25 Published:2025-10-14
Contact: WANG Shulai

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青海省祁漫塔格牛苦头矿床是东昆仑地区近年来探明的大型夕卡岩铅锌多金属矿床,其成矿时代和矿物成因研究方面存在争议。本文以牛苦头M1矿段西南侧斑状花岗岩和与该岩体相关的夕卡岩矿物为研究对象,通过野外调研、LA-ICP-MS矿物U-Pb测年、LA-ICP-MS矿物原位微量元素分析技术,试图厘定成矿岩体与夕卡岩矿物成岩成矿时代,揭示成矿物理化学条件,进而查明成矿流体演化与成矿之间的关系。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学研究结果表明,牛苦头矿床M1采坑西南侧与夕卡岩化密切相关的斑状花岗岩形成于(222.7±2.2) Ma,与之相关的石榴子石结晶时代为219 Ma,二者耦合于印支期晚三叠世,表明牛苦头矿床M1采坑西南侧存在印支期成矿作用。根据野外综合研究和LA-ICP-MS矿物原位微量元素分析结果,自成矿岩体向外,依次形成石榴子石夕卡岩带、钙铁辉石夕卡岩带、(黑柱石)锰钙铁辉石夕卡岩带和(锰质黑柱石)锰钙辉石夕卡岩带。成矿流体演化过程中,石榴子石等矿物稀土元素特征由轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损向轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集转变,其U、Nd等含量降低,指示成矿流体温度降低,氧逸度降低,pH增高;上述成矿流体物理化学条件的变化,导致靠近成矿岩体形成磁黄铁矿、磁铁矿、黄铜矿和贫锰夕卡岩矿物组合,而远离成矿岩体形成闪锌矿、方铅矿和富锰夕卡岩矿物组合。

关键词: 晚三叠世成矿作用, 锆石和石榴子石U-Pb年代学, 夕卡岩矿物LA-ICP-MS原位微量元素, 祁漫塔格

Abstract:

The Niukutou deposit is a large-scale skarn Pb-Zn polymetallic deposit discovered in recent years in the Qimantag region, East Kunlun orogenic belt, Qinghai Province. The study of its mineralization age and ore genesis remains highly controversial. This paper presents a study of the porphyritic granite on the southwest side of the Niukutou M1 ore district and the associated skarn minerals. Through field research, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating, and LA-ICP-MS mineral in-situ trace element analysis, this study aims to determine the chronology of the ore-related intrusion and the ore-forming ages of skarn minerals, reveal the physical and chemical conditions of mineralization, and further clarify the relationship between the evolution of ore-forming fluids and mineralization. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology results indicate that the porphyritic granite closely related to skarn on the southwest side of the Niukutou deposit was emplaced at (222.7±2.2) Ma, alignand the crystallization age of the associated garnet is 219 Ma. Both ages fall within the Late Triassic (Indosinian period), indicating Indosinian mineralization on the southwest side of the Niukutou deposit, distinct from the previously known Devonian event. Comprehensive field research and LA-ICP-MS mineral in-situ trace element analysis reveal a distinct skarn zonation sequence outward from the ore-forming intrusive: garnet skarn zone→hedenbergite skarn zone→(ilvaite-bearing) Mn-hedenbergite skarn zone→(ilvaite-bearing) johannsenite skarn zone. During the evolution of the ore-forming fluid, the REE patterns of these minerals change from LREE-enriched and HREE-depleted to LREE-depleted and HREE-enriched. Concurrently, δEu values, ΣREE contents, and U and Nd concentrations decrease. These geochemical trends indicate declining temperature and oxygen fugacity (f(O₂)), alongside increasing Mn content and pH of the fluid. The aforementioned changes in the physicochemical conditions of the ore-forming fluids resulted in the formation of a mineral assemblage comprising pyrrhotite, magnetite, chalcopyrite, and Mn-poor skarn minerals proximal to the ore-forming intrusive, whereas sphalerite, galena, and Mn-rich skarn minerals precipitated distal to it.

Key words: Late Triassic mineralization, U-Pb geochronology of zircon and garnet, LA-ICP-MS in-situ trace elements of skarn minerals, Qimantag

中图分类号:

王新雨, 王书来, 刘明, 祝新友, 刘家军, 杨新雨, 王幻, 王玉往, 吴锦荣. 青海省祁漫塔格牛苦头铅锌矿床年代学与矿物微量元素特征研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2025, 32(5): 326-344.

WANG Xinyu, WANG Shulai, LIU Ming, ZHU Xinyou, LIU Jiajun, YANG Xinyu, WANG Huan, WANG Yuwang, WU Jinrong. Study on the chronology and trace element characteristics of skarn mineral in the Niukutou deposit, Qimantag region, Qinghai Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2025, 32(5): 326-344.

图/表 15

图1 祁漫塔格区域地质与构造简图(a)和区域地质矿产简图(b)(据文献[4,7-8]修改)

Fig.1 Regional geological and tectonic map of Qimantag belt (a) and Regional geological and mineral resources map of Qimantag belt (b). Modified after [4,7-8].

图2 牛苦头地区地质简图

Fig.2 Geological sketch map of the Niukutou ore district

图3 牛苦头矿区M1磁异常区10号地质勘探线剖面图 (A-A'剖面位置见图2)

Fig.3 Geological profile of No.10 exploration line n in M1 magnetic anomaly area of Niukutou Ore district (location of profile A-A'is shown in Fig.2)

图4 牛苦头矿床M1矿段地质简图及夕卡岩平面蚀变分带图(位置见图2)

Fig.4 Geological map and skarn zoning plane map of the M1 section in Niukutou deposit (location is shown in Fig.2)

图5 牛苦头矿区斑状花岗岩手标本(a)及镜下照片(b-d) Q—石英;Pl—斜长石;Bt—黑云母;Hb—角闪石;Czo—斜黝帘石。

Fig.5 Hand specimens (a) and microscopic photos (b-d) of porphyritic granite in Niukutou ore district

表1 牛苦头斑状花岗岩锆石U-Pb数据

Table 1 U-Pb isotopic compositions of porphyric granite

图6 牛苦头斑状花岗岩CL图像(a)、锆石谐和年龄曲线(b)以及加权年龄图(c)

Fig.6 CL image (a), zircon covariance age curve (b), and weighted average (c) of porphyric granite in Niukutou deposit

表2 牛苦头矿床石榴子石U-Pb数据

Table 2 U-Pb compaston of garme from Ninkutu depositi

图7 牛苦头矿区石榴子石U-Pb年龄谐和图

Fig.7 Tera-Wasserburg diagram of 207Pb-corrected 206Pb/238U age from garnet of the Niukutou deposit

图8 牛苦头矿区主要夕卡岩矿物手标本照片 a—石榴子石夕卡岩手标本;b—磁黄铁矿化石榴子石夕卡岩;c—黄铜矿化、磁黄铁矿化石榴子石;d—铁闪锌矿化辉石夕卡岩;e—铁闪锌矿矿化辉石夕卡岩;f—铁闪锌矿化细粒辉石夕卡岩;g—条带状磁铁矿化黑柱石夕卡岩;h—含黑柱石锰钙铁辉石夕卡岩;i—方铅矿化、闪锌矿化黑柱石锰钙铁辉石夕卡岩。矿物缩写:Grt—石榴子石;Po—磁黄铁矿;Ccp—黄铜矿;Fe-Sp—铁闪锌矿;Px1—早阶段辉石;Px2—晚阶段辉石;Ilv1—早阶段黑柱石;Ilv2—晚阶段黑柱石;Mt—磁铁矿;Sp—闪锌矿;Gn—方铅矿。

Fig.8 Photo of hand specimens from main skarn minerals in Niukutou ore district

图9 牛苦头矿区夕卡岩矿物镜下照片 a—环带状石榴子石镜下照片,单偏光;b—早阶段辉石镜下照片,正交偏光;c—早阶段条带状黑柱石被磁铁矿交代,正交偏光;d—早阶段条带状辉石被磁铁矿交代,反射光;e—闪锌矿化黑柱石锰钙铁辉石夕卡岩,晚阶段短柱状-纤维状辉石(Px2)被晚阶段锰质黑柱石(Ilv2)交代,正交偏光; f—闪锌矿化黑柱石锰钙铁辉石夕卡岩,晚阶段短柱状-纤维状辉石(Px2)被晚阶段锰质黑柱石(Ilv2)交代,反射光。

Fig.9 Microscopic photos of skarn minerals in Niukutou ore district

表3 牛苦头矿床石榴子石、辉石和黑柱石LA-ICP-MS原位微区微量元素分析结果

Table 3 The LA-ICP-MS imsiu mrcanalysis resuts of garnet, pyroxene and ivaite in the Niukutou deposit

图10 牛苦头矿区石榴子石(a, b)、辉石(c, d)、黑柱石(e, f)稀土元素(REE)配分图解(球粒陨石标准化值参见文献[26])

Fig.10 Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) distribution patterns for different generations of garnet (a, b), pyroxene (c, d), and ilvaite (e, f) from the Niukutou deposit. The chondrite-normalized values were calculated by [26].

图11 牛苦头矿区夕卡岩矿物(a) Y -∑REE, (b) Ho- Y, (c) δEu-∑REE, (d) U-∑REE, (e) δCe-∑REE以及 (f) δCe- ∑REE协变图解

Fig.11 Binary plots of (a) Y versus total rare earth element (∑REE), (b) Ho versus Y, (c) δEu versus ∑REE, (d) U versus ∑REE, (e) δCe versus ∑REE, and (f) δCe versus ∑REE in the Niukutou deposit

图12 牛苦头矿床夕卡岩蚀变分带及成矿流体演化过程示意图

Fig.12 Profile showing the skarn zonation and evolution process of the ore-forming fluid in the Niukutou skarn deposit

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青海省祁漫塔格牛苦头铅锌矿床年代学与矿物微量元素特征研究

Study on the chronology and trace element characteristics of skarn mineral in the Niukutou deposit, Qimantag region, Qinghai Province

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