现代河流扇的全球分布、类型及控制因素

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.12.52

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

扇研究一直是沉积学中充满活力的研究主题,河流扇是扇研究的重要组成部分。近年来,河流扇研究引起了诸多学者关注,多种相关术语体系并行。针对上述问题,我们建立了一个融合383个全球现代河流扇沉积数据集,统计分析各类数据达8 400条。基于数据集,我们首次掌握了现代河流扇的全球分布,划分了河流扇的主要类型,明确了扇体形成、发育的控制因素。其中,河流扇的全球分布具备明显的纬度分带和地域分区特征:从纬度上看,主要发育在北纬30°~50°(49.5%);从地域上看,主要分布在亚洲中部及中国西部(50.1%)。根据地形限制和河道摆动情况,可以把河流扇分为非限制迭进型、非限制摆动型、限制迭进型和限制摆动型4种形态类型。河流扇主要在干旱、半干旱条件下形成,受局部构造条件、气候以及物源供给控制。扇体内部建造以河流作用为主,从扇体顶点到远端呈现出明显的异质性。扇体的面积直接受控于纬度、温度、坡度、集水区面积、区域年降雨量和山前距离等因素。随着研究的进一步深入,河流扇将在沉积学、地质灾害防治、石油勘探,甚至行星际沉积学等方面发挥重要作用。

关键词: 河流扇, 控制因素, 河流扇类型, 河流扇数据集

Abstract:

Fluvial fans are an important topic in sedimentology. As fan research attracts more attention in recent years, various fan terminology systems are being used in parallel, but there lacks an independent terminology system for fluvial fans. To address this issue, we constructed a sediment dataset containing sediments from 383 modern fluvial fans across the globe, with 8400 data analyzed using statistical method. For the first time, based on the dataset, we obtained the global distribution of modern fluvial fans, delineated the main fan types, and clarified the controlling factors of fan formation and development. The global distributions of fluvial fans show obvious latitudinal and geographical zonation, with 49.5% fans distributed between 30°N-50°N and 50.1% in central Asia and western China. According to the topographic and river swing conditions, fluvial fans can be divided into four types: unrestricted superposition, unrestricted swing, restricted superposition and restricted swing. Fluvial fans are mainly formed under arid and semi-arid climates, controlled by local tectonic conditions, climate and material source supply. Fluvial sedimentation is dominant in fluvial fans which show obvious heterogeneity from the apex to the end of the fan. The area of a fluvial fan is controlled by latitude, temperature, slope, catchment area, annual rainfall and apex-to-mountain distance. With more in-depth research, fluvial fans will play an increasingly important role in sedimentology, geological disaster prevention, oil exploration, and even in interplanetary sedimentology.

Key words: fluvial fan, controlling factors, fluvial fan type, dataset of fluvial fan

中图分类号:

P736.213

张元福, 王敏, 张森, 孙世坦, 李鑫鑫, 袁晓冬, 黄云英, 张晓晗. 现代河流扇的全球分布、类型及控制因素[J]. 地学前缘, 2023, 30(4): 389-404.

ZHANG Yuanfu, WANG Min, ZHANG Sen, SUN Shitan, LI Xinxin, YUAN Xiaodong, HUANG Yunying, ZHANG Xiaohan. Modern fluvial fans: Global distribution, fan types and controlling factors[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2023, 30(4): 389-404.

图/表 12

图1 全球范围河流扇识别实例 a-中国新疆阿克苏河河流扇;b-澳大利亚昆士兰州Warrego河河流扇;c-肯尼亚Kalobeyei north河流扇;d-巴西Taquari河河流扇据文献[30]。

Fig.1 Examples of fluvial fans identified in the world (adapted from [30]). (a) Akesu fluvial fan, Xinjiang, China. (b) Warrego fluvial fan, Queensland, Australia. (c) Kalobeyei north fluvial fan, Kenya. (d) Taquari fluvial fan, Brazil.

图2 河流扇全球分布图 a-河流扇全球发育位置; b-河流扇纬度分布; c-河流扇经度分布。

Fig.2 (a) Global distribution map of fluvial fans, (b) fluvial fan latitude distribution, and (c) fluvial fan longitude distribution.

图3 河流扇在不同气候和盆地类型下的发育情况 a-不同气候下的河流扇发育情况;b-不同盆地类型下的河流扇发育情况。

Fig.3 Developments of fluvial fans under different climate (a) and basin types (b)

图4 全球现代河流扇的几何参数图 a-河流扇面积概率分布;b-河流扇长度概率分布;c-河流扇宽度概率分布。

Fig.4 Probability distributions of fluviae fan areas (a), lengths (b), and widths (c)

图5 河流扇扇中主河道样式概率

Fig.5 Distribution of min-fluvial-fan main-channel types

图6 河流扇发育的环境参数箱型图

Fig.6 Distribution of fluvial fan environmental parameters

图7 河流扇发育类型及模式图 a-非限制摆动型河流扇;b-非限制迭进型河流扇;c-限制摆动型河流扇;d-限制迭进型河流扇;e-河流扇发育类型及模式图。

Fig.7 Geomorphic features of (a) unrestricted-swing, (b) unrestricted-superposition, (c) restricted swing, and (d) restricted-superposition-type fluvial fans, and (e) modes of fluvial fan development

图8 河流扇外部形态以及内部河道样式比例图 a-限制型扇体和非限制型扇体发育概率;b-限制型扇体与非限制型扇体长宽比分布概率。

Fig.8 (a) Proportion of fluvial fan types (a) and (b) distributions of unrestricted and restricted type fluvial fan length/width ratios

图9 内蒙古四子王旗非限制摆动型河流扇 a-两期扇体平面展布;b-扇端解剖点;c-扇中解剖点;d-扇根解剖点。

Fig.9 Unrestricted-swing type fluvial fan, Siziwang Banner, Inner Mongolia. (a) Planar distribution of phase-1 and phase-2 fans, (b) Cross-section of fan terminal, (c) Cross-section of mid-fan and (d) Cross-section of fan root.

表1 不同气候、不同盆地类型中的河流扇发现数量

Table 1 Number of fluvial fans identified under different climate and basin types

不同气候	河流扇发现数量
不同气候	前陆盆地	克拉通盆地	裂谷盆地	被动陆缘盆地	弧前盆地	弧后盆地	走滑盆地
大陆气候	9	5	1	2	0	2	1
极地气候	13	0	0	0	7	1	1
热带气候	6	12	12	2	1	0	0
亚热带气候	27	2	1	2	2	0	0
干旱气候	23	13	15	6	1	0	2
半干旱气候	85	41	8	7	1	4	0

图10 河流扇外部形态与内部河道样式的控制因素分析图 a-限制性扇体和非限制性扇体在不同气候下的分布;b-限制性扇体和非限制性扇体在不同盆地类型下的分布;c-河流扇扇中河道类型与平均坡度的关系。

Fig.10 Relative percentages of restricted and unrestricted-type under different climate (a) and basin types (b), and (c) average slope of different types of mid-fluvial-fan channels

图11 河流扇发育面积与环境因素的关系 a-河流扇面积与纬度的关系;b-河流扇面积与温度的关系;c-河流扇面积与坡度的关系;d-河流扇面积与山前距离的关系;e-河流扇面积与集水区面积的关系;f-河流扇面积与集水区年降水总量的关系。

Fig.11 Relationships between fluvial fan area and latitude (a), temperature (b), slope (c), piedmont distance (d), catchment area (e), and annual runoff (f)

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