巽他弧北部掸邦高原地壳变形、长期块体运动和发震过程:来自大地测量研究结果的约束

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.10

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文通过约束大地测量研究来探索掸邦高原及其周围地区现今的地壳变形和长期块体运动,以期提供该地区地球动力学和相关地震危险状况的最新状态。掸邦高原在横向上由西侧的萨干(Sagaing)断裂和东侧的红河断裂这两条主要断裂包围。其中,青藏高原地壳的韧性流挤压被认为是该夹层变形单元变形的主要因素。大地测量清楚地表明,萨干断裂和红河断裂段分别具有约18 mm/a和约45 mm/a右旋运动走滑速率。此外,掸邦高原内部断层体系大地滑移累积表现为1213 mm/a的整体左旋运动速率。我们认为相对于刚性巽他古陆,研究区域的形变分布和长期块体运动主要受区域书架型断层作用控制,其原因是掸邦高原两侧的主断裂(萨干断裂和红河断裂)存在差异性断裂活动。

关键词: 掸邦高原, 萨干断裂, 红河断裂, 地壳变形, 书架型断裂活动

Abstract:

In the present article, we explore the present day crustal deformation and long-term plate motion of the Shan Plateau and surrounding region by constraining geodetic measurements to provide an updated status of geodynamics and associated seismic hazard of this region. The Shan Plateau is laterally bounded by two prominent master faults on either sides (i.e., Sagaing fault in the western side and Red River fault in the eastern side), where extrusion of the ductile flow the Tibetan crust has been considered to be a predominant factor of the deformation in this sandwiched deformable unit. Geodetic measurements clearly indicate a dextral motion of 18 mm/yr and 4-5 mm/yr across the Sagaing fault and Red River fault segments, respectively. Moreover, the cumulative geodetic slip-rate across the networks of faults within the Shan Plateau indicates an overall sinistral motion of 12-13 mm/yr. We argue that the distributed deformation and long-term plate motion of the Shan Plateau region, with respect to the rigid (undeformed) Sundaland block, is primarily controlled by the regional bookshelf faulting, which is evident by the differential fault motion along the two master faults on the either sides (i.e., the Sagaing fault and Red River fault).

Key words: Shan Plateau, Sagaing fault, Red River fault, crustal deformation, bookshelf faulting

Raja SEN, Dibyashakti PANDA, Bhaskar KUNDU. 巽他弧北部掸邦高原地壳变形、长期块体运动和发震过程:来自大地测量研究结果的约束[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 283-300.

Raja SEN, Dibyashakti PANDA, Bhaskar KUNDU. Crustal deformation, long-term plate motion and earthquake occurrence process of the Shan Plateau region, Northern Sunda Arc: Constraints from geodetic measurements[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 283-300.

图/表 12

Fig.1 (a-d) Geodynamic models for Himalayan and south Tibetan deformation. The gray arrows represent motion of the Tibetan crust for different models. The black arrow in the oblique convergence model represents the overall India-Southern Tibet convergence. KF: Karakoram Fault; EHS: Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis; WHS: Western Himalayan Syntaxis (taken from Styron et al., 2011).

Fig.2 Regional seismotectonics of the Southeast Asia and Shan Plateau (Gu et al., 1983; Ekstrom et al., 2012). (a) Overall tectonics of the Southeast Asia with major fault systems. Black rectangle shows the location of the Shan Plateau region which has been enlarged in Fig.2b. (b) Represents the location of active fault systems and spatial distribution of earthquakes, along with available focal mechanism solutions across the Shan Plateau. Note that the earthquake focal mechanism along the Sagaing fault indicates dextral sense of motion, while within the Shan Plateau the deformation is predominantly sinistral faulting, along with dextral and normal faults (taken from Shi et al., 2018a). WDF: Wanding fault; MLF: Menglian fault; WHF: Wan Ha fault; MCF: Mae Chan fault; DYF: Dayingjiang fault; NTHF: Nantinghe fault; LCF: Lancang fault; MXF: Mengxing fault; MHF: Muang Houn fault; RLF: Ruili fault; LSF: Lashio fault; JHF: Jinghong fault; NMF: Nam Ma fault; DBPF: Dien Bien Phu fault; SGF: Sagaing fault; RRF: Red River fault; ATF: Altyn Tagh fault; KLF: Kunlun fault; XSF: Xianshuihe fault; IBR: Indo-Burma Range.

Table 1 Geodetically estimated Euler pole rotation parameters of Indian plate proposed by the previous and present studies

Source	Reference Frame	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)	Rotation (°/Myr)	Number of sites
Sella et al. (2002)	ITRF1997	53.7±11.7	-13.9±0.50	0.483±0.013	3
SOPAC Website	ITRF2000	53.1	2.2	0.519±0.019
Prawirodiedjo and Bock, (2004)	ITRF2000	45.72±12.1	-41.99±0.73	0.487±0.015	2
Bettinelli et al. (2006)	ITRF2000	51.4±1.6	-10.9±5.60	0.483±0.01	5
Socquet et al. (2006)	ITRF2000	50.9±5.1	-12.1±0.60	0.486±0.001	6
Jade et al. (2007)	ITRF2000	51.7±0.5	-15.1±1.5	0.469±0.01	26
Banerjee et al. (2008)	ITRF2000	52.9±0.21	-0.297±3.76	0.499±0.008	12
Argus et al. (2011)	NNR-MORVEL	50.37	-3.29	0.544±0.010
Ader et al. (2012)	ITRF2005	51.4±0.30	-1.34±3.31	0.503±0.007	20
Mahesh et al. (2012)	ITRF2008	51.4±0.07	8.9±0.80	0.539±0.002	13
Kreemer et al. (2014)	GSRM2.1-NNR	50.95	-8.0	0.524	2
Steckler et al. (2016)	ITRF2008	51.42±0.06	2.10±0.38	0.5146±0.001	15
Jade et al. (2017)	ITRF2008	51.69±0.27	11.85±1.79	0.553±0.005	30
Present study	ITRF2014	51.33±0.18	9.45±1.99	0.541±0.006	24

Table 2 Geodetically estimated Euler pole rotation parameters of Sunda plate proposed by the previous and present studies

Source	Reference Frame	Latitude (°N)	Longitude (°E)	Rotation (°/Myr)	Number of sites
Wilson et al. (1998)	ITRF1994	31.8	-46.0	0.280	12
Simons et al. (1999)	ITRF1996	51.0	-113.0	0.230	12
Michel et al. (2000)	ITRF1997	59.7±2.90	-102.7±3.90	0.340±0.001	15
Michel et al. (2001)	ITRF1997	-56.00	77.30	-0.339±0.007	10
Sella et al. (2002)	ITRF1997	38.9±10.2	-86.9±0.80	0.393±0.062	2
Bock et al. (2003)	ITRF2000	49.8±3.50	-95.9±1.0	0.320±0.010	11
Kreemer et al. (2003)	GSRM1.2-NNR	47.3±1.90	-90.2±0.5	0.392±0.008	9
Vigny et al. (2003)	ITRF2000	-59.0±4.0	81.0±3.0	0.303±0.01	14
Prawirodiedjo and Bock (2004)	ITRF2000	32.6±7.0	-86.8±0.80	0.462±0.064	2
Simons et al. (2007)	ITRF2000	49.0±1.90	-94.2±0.30	0.336±0.007	28
DeMets et al. (2010)	ITRF2000	48.5	-93.9	0.326	18
Argus et al. (2011)	NNR-MORVEL	50.1	-95.0	0.337±0.020	2
Altamimi et al. (2012)	ITRF2008	44.2	-87.3	0.388±0.308	2
Kreemer et al. (2014)	GSRM2.1-NNR	51.1	-91.7	0.350	11
Mustafar et al. (2017)	ITRF2008	48.1	-88.5	0.341±0.015	14
Yong et al. (2017)	ITRF2008	43.6±4.6	-86.6±2.3	0.357±0.030	10
Panda et al. (2020b)	ITRF2014	50.0±2.1	-89.8±0.1	0.328±0.007	28
Present Study	ITRF2014	45.51±1.25	-89.44±0.67	0.345±0.006	58

Fig.3 Geometry of the source model in the Cartesian coordinate system (Okada, 1992). Elastic medium occupies the region of z ≤ 0 and x axis is taken to be parallel to the strike direction of the fault. Further, elementary dislocations are represented by U1, U2, and U3, so as to correspond to strike-slip, dip-slip, and tensile components of arbitrary dislocation. Each vector represents the movement of the hanging-wall side block relative to the foot-wall side block. But note that, e.g., although U2 in the figure shows reverse fault motion, this changes to normal fault-type movement if dip angle becomes sin(2θ) < 0. d and W represent the depth of locking and width of the fault zone, respectively.

Fig.4 Distribution of GPS sites and tectonic setting of the Sundaland Block (marked in the inset and in Fig.2a). The region of gray dashed line identified as the stable Sundaland block (marked after Simons et al., 2007). Red dots over that region represent the 58 undeformed GPS sites considered for the Euler pole estimation of the Sunda plate. Blue circles towards the north of the Sundaland block represent the geodetic sites across the SGF, RRF, and the Shan Plateau domain. Gray circles represent all available geodetic stations. Green dashed lines (SGF 1, SGF 2, RRF 1 and RRF 2) shows the different profiles across the Sagaing and Red River faults along which the fault slip-rates have been estimated. A-B profile (marked by blue line) represents the profile across the Shan Plateau region. Orange line represents the major sinistral faults over the Shan Plateau. WAF: West Andaman fault; ASRTFS: Andaman Sumatra Ridge Transform fault system; SFS: Sumatra fault system.

Fig.5 Horizontal residual motion over the Southeast Asia with respect to India and Sunda reference frame, respectively. (a) Horizontal residual vectors over the Southeast Asia with respect to fixed Indian plate. (b) Horizontal residual vectors over the Southeast Asia with respect to fixed Sunda plate. Note that the residual motion within the stable Sundaland block is much less and the motion increases upon moving towards north direction, which indicates possible influence of Tibetan crustal flow.

Fig.6 (a, b) Represent residual velocities and Euler pole parameters of the Indian and Sundaland blocks (or Sunda plate), respectively. Red symbols represent the undeformed sites that are considered in the Euler pole estimation of both Indian plate and Sundaland block, while the blue symbols are the deformed sites that are left out. Note the internal deformation of the Indian plate (2-3 mm/yr) and Sunda plate are low (2.5 mm/yr).

Fig.7 Fault slip-rate with respect to the fixed Sunda plate, locking depth and error analysis across two profiles of the Sagaing fault (Northern: SGF 1 and Central: SGF 2, marked in Fig.4). In both SGF 1 and SGF 2 there is significant fault parallel motion of 18 mm/yr observed. In case of the northern profile (SGF 1), the velocity at two sites (i.e., BHAM and MYIT) have been corrected, in order to isolate the elastic effect and exclude the deformation that is not related to the Sagaing fault. However, in the fault normal component there is no as such significant pattern across both the profiles. Inset in both the fault profiles shows error analysis using weighted RMS error using grid search method with varying slip-rate and width of locked zone. Note that the locking width of the SGF 1 is very shallow, while it is high in case of SGF 2. The green diamond represents the region of least error.

Fig.8 Fault slip-rate with respect to fixed Sunda plate, locking depth and error analysis across two profiles of the Red River fault (RRF 1 and RRF 2, marked in Fig.4). In both RRF 1 and RRF 2 there is significant fault parallel motion of 4-5 mm/yr observed. However, in the fault normal component there is no as such significant pattern across both the profiles. Inset in both the fault profiles shows error analysis using weighted RMS error using grid search method with varying slip-rate and width of locked zone. Note that the locking width of RRF 1 is very high, while it is shallow in the case of RRF 2. The green diamond represents the region of least error.

Fig.9 Fault slip-rate across the Shan Plateau region along the A-B profile marked in Fig.4. Significant sinistral strike-slip motion of 12-13 mm/yr is observed across the Shan Plateau. However, there is no as such motion in the fault normal component. Note that the entire sinistral motion is accommodated along four major faults. Blue curve shows the dislocation profile for locked fault and green line represents the long-term motion across individual active fault segments. Inset shows the pattern of long-term motion accommodation in-between the two major crustal blocks (in this case Burma and Sunda plates, taken from Bourne et al., 1998). The cumulative long term motion of each block is same as the displacement across the master blocks.

Fig.10 Schematic representation of fault domains and kinematics around the Shan Plateau. (a) Thin red dashed line shows the boundary between dextral to sinistral motion and the domains characterized by block-like rotation with distributed shear along pre-existing fault (taken from Shi et al., 2018a). (b) Represents the regional bookshelf faulting pattern between the Burma plate and South China block. Following the concept of bookshelf faulting it appears that the motion accommodated in between the two blocks (i.e., Shan Plateau domain) are basically the difference in motion of the two master faults (in this case the Sagaing fault and Red River fault). Note that both models are able to explain the overall distributed deformation across the Shan Plateau.

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