河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.11.4

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (4): 430-437.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.11.4

河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策

何雨江¹^,²(), 刘肖³, 邢林啸¹^,²^,⁴, 谭现锋³, 卜宪标⁵^,^*()

1.中国地质科学院水文地质环境地质研究所, 河北石家庄 050061
2.自然资源部地热与干热岩勘查开发技术创新中心, 河北石家庄 050061
3.山东省鲁南地质工程勘察院(山东省地勘局第二地质大队), 山东济宁 272100
4.中国地质大学(武汉) 环境学院, 湖北武汉 430074
5.中国科学院广州能源研究所, 广东广州 510640

收稿日期:2021-05-01 修回日期:2021-07-05 出版日期:2022-07-25 发布日期:2022-07-28
通讯作者: 卜宪标
作者简介:何雨江(1981—),男,博士,研究员,主要从事水文地质、地热地质方向的研究。E-mail: heyujiang86@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研究发展计划项目“井储防垢除垢关键技术及工艺(2019YFB1504104);中国地质调查局地质调查项目“冀中坳陷深部碳酸盐岩热储调查评价(DD20190555)

Scaling process simulation and anti-scaling measures in karst geothermal field in Baoding, Hebei

HE Yujiang¹^,²(), LIU Xiao³, XING Linxiao¹^,²^,⁴, TAN Xianfeng³, BU Xianbiao⁵^,^*()

1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
2. Technology Innovation Center of Geothermal & Hot Dry Rock Exploration and Development, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shijiazhuang 050061, China
3. Shandong Provincial Lunan Geo-engineering Exploration Institute (The Second Geological Brigade of Shandong Geological Exploration Bureau), Jining 272100, China
4. School of Environment, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
5. Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China

Received:2021-05-01 Revised:2021-07-05 Online:2022-07-25 Published:2022-07-28
Contact: BU Xianbiao

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国的地热发电以及部分供暖工程出现了比较严重的结垢现象,阻碍了地热能的大规模开发利用,目前地热市场急需成熟的防垢理论和工艺。地热工程的结垢现象尤以碳酸钙结垢最为普遍,为解决碳酸钙结垢问题,本文以华北保定岩溶地热井结垢为研究对象,通过理论和实验相结合的手段研究分析了垢质成分,成垢机理,结垢位置和过程以及防垢措施。研究结果表明:(1)系统降压造成的闪蒸是碳酸钙结垢的主因,液相二氧化碳逸出到气相是碳酸钙结垢的主要驱动力;(2)根据井口参数,结合质量、动量和能量守恒以及两相流压降理论,可以模拟结垢过程,确定结垢位置以及不同深度处的压力、温度、干度和二氧化碳分压等参数;(3)闪蒸造成的碳酸钙结垢,确定了闪蒸位置和闪蒸压力后,可以通过加压和加注阻垢剂的方式进行阻垢。通过模拟计算,确定了加压防垢系统所需的最低压力,通过控制系统压力可防止闪蒸,抑制二氧化碳逸出造成的结垢。设计了阻垢工艺,研制了阻垢剂加注设备,开展了井下化学阻垢实验并评价了阻垢效果,通过加注阻垢剂可有效阻止90%以上的垢生成,论证了通过加注化学阻垢剂可以有效解决碳酸钙结垢。通过上述研究,积累了从结垢原因分析,结垢位置确定,结垢过程模拟,防垢工艺和设备研发,防垢实践到阻垢效果现场评价一整套经验,可为其他地热井碳酸钙结垢问题的解决提供参考依据。

关键词: 岩溶热储, 防垢除垢, 碳酸钙结垢, 结垢模拟, 闪蒸位置, 地热结垢, 阻垢剂

Abstract:

Scaling is a serious problem in geothermal power plants and certain geothermal projects in China hindering large-scale development and utilization of geothermal energy. At present, anti-scaling theory and technology is urgently needed in the geothermal market where calcium carbonate scaling is the most common problem. To solve this problem, the karst geothermal field in Baoding, northern China was selected to investigate the scale composition and the scaling mechanism, position and process as well as anti-scaling measures in a geothermal well. According to the study results, (1) the main cause of calcium carbonate scaling is flashing due to system pressure drop, caused primarily by carbon dioxide release from the liquid phase to the gas phase. (2) By combining the wellhead parameters with the laws of conservation of mass, momentum and energy and the theory of two-phase flow pressure drop, the scaling process can be simulated, and the scaling position as well as the pressure, temperature, steam quality and partial pressure of carbon dioxide at different depths can be calculated and determined. (3) Two anti-scaling measures could be implemented after identifying the flashing pressure and depth. One measure was to increase system pressure in order to prevent flashing thus inhibit carbon dioxide release. A minimum pressure was recommended via simulation. The other measure was to use chemical scaling inhibitor. An injection device was developed, anti-scaling experiment was carried out, and the chemical scaling inhibition effect was evaluated to show that chemical inhibitor could inhibit more than 90% of scaling, and thus the carbonate scaling problem could be effectively solved. From the above study, a set of valuable experiences—from scaling cause analysis, scaling position calculation, scaling process simulation, anti-scaling technology and equipment developments to field experiments and anti-scaling evaluation—were obtained. These experiences can be referenced in general for scaling control in geothermal wells.

Key words: karst reservoir, anti-scaling and scale removal, calcium carbonate scale formation, scaling simulation, flashing point, geothermal scaling, scale inhibitor

中图分类号:

P641

何雨江, 刘肖, 邢林啸, 谭现锋, 卜宪标. 河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(4): 430-437.

HE Yujiang, LIU Xiao, XING Linxiao, TAN Xianfeng, BU Xianbiao. Scaling process simulation and anti-scaling measures in karst geothermal field in Baoding, Hebei[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(4): 430-437.

图/表 11

图1 研究区构造分区及采样井位置图

Fig.1 Tectonic divisions and sampling well locations in the study area

表1 博野地热井井身结构

Table 1 Dimensions of the vertical wellbore for the Boye geothermal well

深度/m	套管直径/mm	套管长度/mm
0.00~550.00	406	550.00
513.66~1 950.00	273	1 436.34
1 909.86~3 275.00	177.8	1 365.14
3 275.00~3 860.00	裸眼152.00

图2 地热供暖系统图 1—电潜泵,2—井管,3—泵管,4—敞口水箱,5—热水罐,6—地热水泵,7—板式换热器,8—供暖循环泵,9—建筑,10—回灌管线,11—回灌井,12—旁侧管。

Fig.2 Design of the geothermal heat-pump

表2 离子浓度

Table 2 Concentrations of ions in geothermal water

离子名称	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺
浓度/(mg·L^-1)	149.3	1 691	88.56	20.08
离子名称	Cl^-	$SO 4 2 -$	$HCO 3 -$	$CO 3 2 -$
浓度/(mg·L^-1)	2 387	104.9	838.2	0.0

表2 离子浓度

Table 2 Concentrations of ions in geothermal water

离子名称	K⁺	Na⁺	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺
浓度/(mg·L^-1)	149.3	1 691	88.56	20.08
离子名称	Cl^-	$SO 4 2 -$	$HCO 3 -$	$CO 3 2 -$
浓度/(mg·L^-1)	2 387	104.9	838.2	0.0

图3 管道结垢

Fig.3 Effect of scaling on a pipe

图4 阀门结垢

Fig.4 Effect of scaling on a valve

图5 流体温度随深度的变化

Fig.5 Variation of fluid temperature with depth

图6 流体总压和二氧化碳分压随深度的变化

Fig.6 Variations of total fluid pressure and partial pressure of carbon dioxide with depth

图7 流体干度随深度的变化

Fig.7 Variation of fluid dryness with depth

图8 流体流态随深度的变化

Fig.8 Variation of flow regime with depth

图9 阻垢剂加注现场

Fig.9 Experimental setup for scale inhibitor filling

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河北保定岩溶地热结垢过程模拟及防垢对策

Scaling process simulation and anti-scaling measures in karst geothermal field in Baoding, Hebei

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