黄土区露天煤矿排土场人工林下植被发育动态

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.18

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (4): 153-164.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.10.18

黄土区露天煤矿排土场人工林下植被发育动态

赵冰清¹(), 白中科²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), 郭东罡⁵, 曹银贵²^,³^,⁴

1.晋中学院化学化工系, 山西晋中 030619
2.中国地质大学(北京) 土地科学技术学院, 北京 100083
3.自然资源部土地整治重点实验室, 北京 100035
4.自然资源部矿区生态修复工程技术创新中心, 北京 100083
5.山西大学环境与资源学院, 山西太原 030006

收稿日期:2020-09-03 修回日期:2020-11-22 出版日期:2021-07-25 发布日期:2021-07-25
通讯作者: 白中科
作者简介:赵冰清(1984—),女,博士,讲师,主要从事矿区生态修复和生物多样性保护研究。E-mail: zfath2005@163.com
基金资助:
山西省高等学校科技创新项目(2020L0591);晋中学院博士科研启动项目(1000138);晋中学院“1331工程”创客团队建设计划项目(jzxycktd2019031)

The undergrowth developmental dynamics of plantations in an open-pit coal mine waste dump in loess area

ZHAO Bingqing¹(), BAI Zhongke²^,³^,⁴^,^*(), GUO Donggang⁵, CAO Yingui²^,³^,⁴

1. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, Jinzhong 030619, China
2. School of Land Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100035, China
4. Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Restoration Engineering in Mining Area, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China
5. College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China

Received:2020-09-03 Revised:2020-11-22 Online:2021-07-25 Published:2021-07-25
Contact: BAI Zhongke

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于安太堡露天煤矿南排土场1 hm²“刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)+榆树(Ulmus pumila)+臭椿(Ailanthus altissima)”配置模式动态监测样地复垦17年和22年的调查数据,采用多项指标对人工林下草本层植物物种多样性进行测度,同时利用方差比率法(VR )、χ²检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验对群落草本层物种总体关联性和主要物种的种间联结性进行了分析。结果表明:(1)复垦17年后,人工林下草本层共调查到20科46属62种植物,以菊科植物优势地位明显;复垦22年后,共记录到 18科39属53种草本层植物,禾本科植物的重要值逐渐增加。5年间,优势成分由大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana)变为鹅观草(Roegneria kamoji)。与原地貌自然植被相似,人工林下多年生和中生植物在两次调查中均占优势。随着复垦年限的增加,人工林下1年生、1-2年生及中生植物重要值下降,多年生和旱生、中旱生、旱中生植物的重要值有所增加。(2)复垦17年后,人工林下草本层植物物种丰富度已超过原地貌自然植被。随着演替的进展,Patrick丰富度指数有所降低,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数均呈现增加趋势。复垦22年后,人工林下草本层植物物种多样性已修复至原地貌自然植被的94.12%。(3)人工林下草本层植物总体关联性由显著负关联变为不显著负关联。主要物种正负关联比由0.30上升至0.79,但均小于1,并且呈极显著和显著关联的种对数较少,说明人工林下草本层植物群落种间联结较为松散,各物种间的关系以竞争为主。主要种针茅(Stipa capillata)与榆树(U.pumila)幼苗呈显著正相关,它们均为地带性物种,生态适应性强,可用于该矿区植被恢复的优选物种进行混合种植。该研究可为矿区植被重组和生物多样性保护提供理论依据。

关键词: 露天煤矿, 植被恢复, 草本层植物, 物种多样性, 种间关联

Abstract:

To study the community dynamics of artificial vegetation in reclaimed land of mining areas, a 1-hm²permanent monitoring plot was established in 2010 with mixed forestry of Robinia pseudoacacia+Ulmus pumila+Ailanthus altissima at the Antaibao open-pit coal mine in Shanxi Province. Based on two datasets obtained in 2010 and 2015, we measured the species diversity using multiple indices, and analyzed the overall interspecific association and main species interspecific association in the herbal layer of the community using variance ratio (VR) tests, χ²tests, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient tests from the 17th to 22nd year since reclamation. The results indicated the following: (1) A total of 62 species, belonging to 20 families and 46 genera, and 53 species, belonging to 18 families and 39 genera of herbaceous plants were investigated after 17 and 22 years of reclamation, respectively. The dominance of the Compositae was the most exaggerated in 2010, and this level of dominance gradually decreased, while the dominance of Gramineous plants gradually increased. During this five-year period, the dominant component changed from Artemisia sieversiana to Roegneria kamoji. Similar to the natural vegetation in the original landform, the perennial and mesophyte plants dominated the two surveys of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation. The importance of annual or annual/biennial and mesophytic herbs decreased, while the dominance of perennial, xerophyte, meso-xerophyte, and xero-mesophyte herb increased along with succession. (2) After 17 years of reclamation, the species richness index of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation has significantly exceeded that of the original landform. The species richness index decreased with succession, while the Shannon-Wiener index and Pielou evenness index showed an increasing trend. The species diversity of the herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation was restored to 94.12% of the natural vegetation in the original landform after 22 years of reclamation. (3) The overall correlation of herbaceous plants under artificial vegetation changed from a significant negative correlation to no significant negative correlation. The positive-negative correlation ratio of the main species increased from 0.30 to 0.79, but both were less than 1, and the interspecific association of most species pairs was not significant (P>0.05), reflecting the interspecific competition relationship of herbaceous species in the community. With the succession of the community, the structure of the herbaceous community gradually became stable. The main species pairs of Stipa capillata and U. pumila showed a significant positive correlation. These zonal species have strong ecological adaptability for tolerating drought and poor soil fertility, and could therefore be used as preferred plant species pairs for mixed planting in future waste dump revegetation in the Antaibao open-pit coal mine. This study can provide a theoretical basis for vegetation reconstruction and biodiversity conservation in mining areas.

Key words: open-pit coal mine, vegetation restoration, herbaceous plants, species diversity, interspecific association

中图分类号:

赵冰清, 白中科, 郭东罡, 曹银贵. 黄土区露天煤矿排土场人工林下植被发育动态[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(4): 153-164.

ZHAO Bingqing, BAI Zhongke, GUO Donggang, CAO Yingui. The undergrowth developmental dynamics of plantations in an open-pit coal mine waste dump in loess area[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 153-164.

图/表 10

表1 草本层植物重要值前10位的物种

Table 1 Top 10 herbaceous plants by important value

物种	重要值IV/%
物种	复垦17年	复垦22年	原地貌
榆树Ulmus pumila		4.79
花苜蓿Medicago ruthenica			7.18
草木樨状黄耆Astragalus melilotoides			16.93
胡枝子Lespedeza bicolor			6.16
兴安胡枝子Lespedeza daurica			4.20
沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia		4.15
香青兰Dracocephalum moldavica			6.68
百里香Thymus mongolicus			4.02
大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana	32.52	6.05
黄花蒿Artemisia annua	14.97
白莲蒿Artemisia sacrorum	4.05	4.55
莳萝蒿Artemisia anethoides	2.45
艾Artemisia argyi		3.78
草地风毛菊Saussurea amara	1.90
风毛菊Saussurea japonica		9.66
披碱草Elymus dahuricus	12.68		6.69
鹅观草Roegneria kamoji	9.04	23.84
无芒雀麦Bromus inermis	1.77	4.66
硬质早熟禾Poa sphondylodes		7.67	4.13
针茅Stipa capillata	3.79	6.72
戈壁针茅Stipa tianschanica var. gobica	1.95
白茅Imperata cylindrica			3.33
披针薹草Carex lancifolia			9.49

表2 草本层植物生活型

Table 2 Life form of herbaceous plants

生活型	复垦17年			复垦22年				原地貌
生活型	种数	重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%
1年生草本	8	15.98	6		5.31		5		7.51
1-2年生草本	9	37.71	7		9.00		2		0.48
2年生草本	2	0.80	2		9.75		1		2.03
多年生草本	34	43.77	31		66.23		33		78.80
藤本	1	0.03
灌木	4	0.27	3		0.32		3		11.19
乔木	4	1.44	4		9.39

表3 草本层植物水分生态型

Table 3 Water ecotypes of herbaceous plants

生态型	复垦17年			复垦22年				原地貌
生态型	种数	重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%		种数		重要值IV/%
旱生植物	7	10.52	10		22.01		8		15.38
中旱生植物	8	6.09	3		8.05		9		35.04
旱中生植物	7	1.87	7		6.10		4		6.85
中生植物	40	81.52	33		63.84		23		42.73

表4 草本层植物物种多样性

Table 4 Biodiversity of herbaceous plants

多样性指数	复垦17年	复垦22年	原地貌
Patrick (R)	62	53	44
Shannon-Wiener (H')	2.44	2.88	3.06
Pielou (E)	0.59	0.72	0.81

表5 草本层植物总体关联性

Table 5 Overall association among herbaceous plant communities

复垦年限/年	方差比率VR	检验统计量 $W$	$χ 2$ 临界值 ( $χ 0.95, 2 N$ , $χ 0 . 2 0 5, N$ )	关联性
17	0.80	319.77	(354.64, 447.63)	显著负关联
22	0.97	388.51	(354.64, 447.63)	负关联

表5 草本层植物总体关联性

Table 5 Overall association among herbaceous plant communities

复垦年限/年	方差比率VR	检验统计量 $W$	$χ 2$ 临界值 ( $χ 0.95, 2 N$ , $χ 0 . 2 0 5, N$ )	关联性
17	0.80	319.77	(354.64, 447.63)	显著负关联
22	0.97	388.51	(354.64, 447.63)	负关联

图1 复垦17年后草本层15个主要植物种 χ 2检验半矩阵图 ■极显著正关联;▲ 显著正关联;+ 正关联;□ 极显著负关联;△ 显著负关联;- 负关联,下同。1—大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana;2—黄花蒿Artemisia annua;3—披碱草Elymus dahuricus;4—鹅观草Roegneria kamoji;5—白莲蒿Artemisia sacrorum;6—针茅Stipa capillata;7—莳萝蒿Artemisia anethoides;8—戈壁针茅Stipa tianschanica var. gobica;9—草地风毛菊Saussurea amara;10—无芒雀麦Bromus inermis;11—阿尔泰狗娃花Heteropappus altaicus;12—早熟禾Poa annua;13—冰草Agropyron cristatum;14—猪毛蒿Artemisia scoparia;15—榆树Ulmus pumila。

Fig.1 Semi-matrix of χ 2-test for the 15 main herbaceous species after 17 years of reclamation

图2 复垦22年后草本层17个主要植物种 χ 2检验半矩阵图 1—鹅观草Roegneria kamoji;2—风毛菊Saussurea japonica;3—硬质早熟禾Poa sphondylodes;4—针茅Stipa capillata;5—大籽蒿Artemisia sieversiana;6—榆树Ulmus pumila;7—无芒雀麦Bromus inermis;8—白莲蒿Artemisia sacrorum;9—沙枣Elaeagnus angustifolia;10—艾Artemisia argyi;11—阿尔泰狗娃花Heteropappus altaicus;12—披碱草Elymus dahuricus;13—角蒿Incarvillea sinensis;14—垂果大蒜芥Sisymbrium heteromallum;15—藜Chenopodium album;16—草地风毛菊Saussurea amara;17—黄花蒿Artemisia annua。

Fig.2 Semi-matrix of χ 2-test for the 17 main herbaceous species after 22 years of reclamation

表6 复垦17年后草本层15个主要植物种Spearman秩相关系数

Table 6 Spearman’s rank coefficients of the 15 main herbaceous species after 17 years of reclamation

物种代号	各植物种间Spearman秩相关系数
物种代号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1	1.000
2	0.063	1.000
3	-0.299^**	-0.406^**	1.000
4	-0.124^*	-0.036	-0.363^**	1.000
5	-0.189^**	-0.097	0.034	-0.112^*	1.000
6	0.171^**	-0.033	-0.099^*	-0.182^**	0.060	1.000
7	0.097	0.189^**	-0.188^**	-0.018	-0.022	0.060	1.000
8	0.093	0.160^**	-0.109^*	-0.173^**	-0.027	-0.179^**	0.194^**	1.000
9	-0.032	-0.049	-0.061	0.102^*	-0.020	-0.083	-0.014	0.032	1.000
10	-0.127^*	-0.057	-0.079	-0.078	-0.058	-0.035	-0.090	-0.055	0.090	1.000
11	-0.089	-0.166^**	0.090	-0.086	0.052	-0.097	-0.011	0.047	-0.006	-0.014	1.000
12	0.064	0.004	-0.094	-0.042	-0.037	-0.096	0.039	0.116^*	-0.128^*	-0.063	0.078	1.000
13	-0.062	-0.047	-0.127^*	-0.012	-0.007	-0.007	-0.093	0.018	-0.067	-0.001	0.033	0.040	1.000
14	-0.006	-0.015	-0.196^**	0.165^**	-0.065	-0.048	-0.108^*	-0.111^*	0.012	0.023	-0.061	-0.039	0.021	1.000
15	0.089	-0.077	0.005	-0.162^**	0.098	0.120^*	-0.085	0.015	-0.043	-0.037	-0.045	-0.025	0.011	0.006	1.000

表7 复垦22年后草本层17个主要植物种Spearman秩相关系数

Table 7 Spearman’s rank coefficients of the 17 main herbaceous species after 22 years of reclamation

物种代号	各植物种间Spearman秩相关系数
物种代号	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1	1.000
2	-0.089	1.000
3	-0.273^**	-0.057	1.000
4	-0.288^**	-0.031	-0.032	1.000
5	-0.250^**	0.026	0.092	0.075	1.000
6	-0.126^*	-0.073	-0.014	0.123^*	0.083	1.000
7	-0.132^**	-0.051	-0.116^*	-0.124^*	-0.036	-0.065	1.000
8	-0.030	-0.010	-0.023	-0.009	-0.101^*	0.007	0.048	1.000
9	-0.092	-0.170^**	0.171^**	-0.179^**	0.005	-0.203^**	-0.023	-0.138^**	1.000
10	-0.184^**	-0.005	0.071	-0.031	-0.046	-0.067	-0.095	-0.065	0.248^**	1.000
11	0.020	-0.067	0.078	0.021	0.097	-0.052	-0.095	0.020	0.022	-0.019	1.000
12	-0.097	0.017	-0.027	-0.086	0.014	-0.010	-0.085	-0.022	-0.019	-0.025	0.141^**	1.000
13	-0.137^**	-0.101^*	0.094	-0.027	-0.010	-0.011	-0.081	-0.087	0.409^**	0.174^**	-0.017	0.041	1.000
14	-0.129^**	-0.023	0.130^**	-0.040	0.020	0.036	-0.041	0.001	0.109^*	0.068	-0.029	0.151^**	0.117^*	1.000
15	-0.145^**	0.036	0.071	-0.029	0.038	0.057	-0.067	-0.087	0.096	0.148^**	0.057	0.000	0.088	0.009	1.000
16	0.084	-0.228^**	0.059	-0.032	0.033	-0.061	-0.045	-0.050	-0.085	-0.093	0.022	-0.106^*	-0.112^*	-0.096	-0.049	1.000
17	-0.144^**	-0.021	-0.013	0.161^**	0.097	0.074	-0.073	-0.002	-0.102^*	-0.002	0.069	-0.064	-0.121^*	-0.054	0.053	0.162^**	1.000

图3 平鲁区2010—2015年降水量变化

Fig.3 Precipitation data of Pinglu over the study period (2010—2015)

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黄土区露天煤矿排土场人工林下植被发育动态

The undergrowth developmental dynamics of plantations in an open-pit coal mine waste dump in loess area

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