地学前缘 ›› 2024, Vol. 31 ›› Issue (1): 455-466.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2024.1.26
刘丛强1,2,3(), 李思亮1,2,3, 刘学炎1,2, 王宝利1,2, 郎赟超1,2, 丁虎1,2, 郝丽萍1,2, 张琼予1,2
收稿日期:
2024-01-01
修回日期:
2024-01-23
出版日期:
2024-01-25
发布日期:
2024-01-25
作者简介:
刘丛强(1955—),男,中国科学院院士、美国地球化学学会和欧洲地球化学学会会士、爱丁堡皇家学会外籍院士,致力于表层地球系统科学研究。E-mail: liucongqiang@tju.edu.cn
基金资助:
LIU Congqiang1,2,3(), LI Siliang1,2,3, LIU Xueyan1,2, WANG Baoli1,2, LANG Yunchao1,2, DING Hu1,2, HAO Liping1,2, ZHANG Qiongyu1,2
Received:
2024-01-01
Revised:
2024-01-23
Online:
2024-01-25
Published:
2024-01-25
摘要:
地球已进入新的地质时代——“人类世”,人类已成为全球变化的主要驱动力。人类活动导致的地球生态系统的生物地球化学过程及关键生源要素的生物地球化学循环的改变直接或间接地影响着地球生态系统的关键功能,给人类福祉和可持续发展带来诸多威胁。本文基于地球系统科学研究的新进展,综述了人类世全球变化特征、生物地球化学循环在地球系统各圈层演化中的作用及其变化规律。特别关注了自然资源开发利用、生产和消费模式改变等人类活动对生物地球化学循环的影响,以及由此产生的气候、生态和环境效应。研究表明,应对人类世全球变化需要系统理解人类活动作为主要驱动力的多要素和多尺度生物地球化学循环过程及其生态和环境效应,基于地球系统科学的理论与方法开展针对人类世社会-生态系统的自然科学和社会科学的交叉融合研究。在文末提出了人类世生物地球化学研究的优先领域和方向,并强调解决受人类活动和气候变化高度影响下人类世生物地球化学循环的各种复杂科学问题的迫切性和重要性。
中图分类号:
刘丛强, 李思亮, 刘学炎, 王宝利, 郎赟超, 丁虎, 郝丽萍, 张琼予. 人类世生物地球化学循环及其科学[J]. 地学前缘, 2024, 31(1): 455-466.
LIU Congqiang, LI Siliang, LIU Xueyan, WANG Baoli, LANG Yunchao, DING Hu, HAO Liping, ZHANG Qiongyu. Biogeochemical cycles in the Anthropocene and its significance[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2024, 31(1): 455-466.
图3 宏组学与同位素标记示踪技术联合应用以解析生物地球化学过程中微生物与环境的相互作用 图中①表示代谢活跃的生物细胞吸收同化了同位素标记的底物,通过MAR-/NanoSIMS可以被观测识别;②表示基于不同生化反应途径的稳定同位素分馏效应差异,通过监测代谢产物中的稳定同位素丰度,可分析主导代谢途径;或利用同位素标记底物,监测生化反应中底物和代谢产物中标记元素的流通量,可定量识别代谢途径。
Fig.3 Combined application of metaOmics and isotope labeling or signature techniques to decipher the interactions between microorganisms and the environment in biogeochemical processes DNA-based analytical techniques, such as high-throughput sequencing of marker genes represented by SSU rRNA genes and metagenomes followed with construction of metagenome-assembled genomes, allow for the analyses of microbial community composition, phylogenetic classification of species, and the functional potential of species and communities. RNA-based metatranscriptomics is utilized to analyze gene transcription levels and to identify key metabolic pathways. Subcellular localization and regulation occur at the protein level. Post-translational modifications can alter the location and function of proteins. Consequently, metaproteomics and metabolomics reflect the expression and activity of functional proteins. Combined with stable or radioactive isotope labeling or signature techniques, visualization methods based on isotope and elemental imaging are employed to observe and enumerate metabolically active cells, enabling quantitative analyses of substrate update and transform rates, pathway composition, and nutrient fluxes. ① represents that, the metabolically active cells update and assimilate the isotope-labeled substrates, which are then can be observed and identified via the MAR- or nanoSIMS methods. ② express that, different stable isotope fractionation effects exist in different biochemical reactions or pathways, leading to different isotope signatures of products, which enables identification of predominant metabolic pathway by analyzing the natural stable isotope composition; on the other hand, by tracing the flux of labeled isotopes in the substrates and metabolic products, the metabolic pathways can be quantitatively calculated. The integrated application of these techniques facilitates the study, across multiple levels and different spatiotemporal scales, of the adaptation-feedback relationship between organisms and their environment, as well as the roles they played in biogeochemical processes, such as the interaction between microbial functional groups driving the coupled cycle of sulfur and CH4 in the ocean. Such research has revealed that, the convergence of global organic metabolic functions shapes biochemical gradients in the oceans, such as concentrations of SO 4 2 -, H2S, CH4 at different depths, leading to the formation of ecological niches for different microbial functional groups, and fostering co-evolution between life and the marine environment.
图4 “转化”生物地球化学概念反应的社会与生态系统生物地球化学系统之间的双向反馈作用(引自文献[64])
Fig.4 Translational biogeochemistry: bidirectional feedbacks between social and Earth's biogeochemical systems. Adapted from [64].
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