西北太平洋黑潮延伸体观测回顾和展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.3.16

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

西北太平洋黑潮延伸体是全球海洋动力过程最复杂、对全球气候变化最敏感和全球海洋渔业产量最大的区域之一,然而,目前对该海区物理、生态及生地化循环等过程的认识仍受限于长期连续海洋观测资料的缺乏。本文回顾了国际上针对黑潮延伸体海区的相关观测情况和取得的主要进展,介绍了近年来我国在该区域观测系统的构建工作及取得的初步成果,包括构建了全球首个西北太平洋黑潮延伸体定点观测系统;发现黑潮延伸体海区海洋涡旋的平流效应对该海区模态水的总潜沉率贡献超过一半,所携带当地的模态水只需要一年半的时间就可到达海盆的西边界;基于潜标首次展示了黑潮延伸体区域3种不同类型次温跃层涡旋流速的直接观测结果,为开展其生成消亡机制及其全球次表层物质能量输运提供了重要的现场观测基础。最后,本文展望了今后观测系统的发展方向,即在跨圈层和多学科交叉方面发展成为我国在西北太平洋重要的深远海综合观测网络。这将为揭示多尺度物理-生物过程耦合、深海能量串级及其气候效应与深海碳循环等领域实现突破提供重要的观测支撑。

关键词: 西北太平洋, 黑潮延伸体, 观测系统, 多圈层, 多学科

Abstract:

The Kuroshio Extension (KE) in the Northwest Pacific is one of the regions that are dynamically most complex, most sensitive to climate change and have the most productive fishing ground in the global ocean. However, it is also a region with the least long-term continuous observation, which can hinder our understanding of the physical, ecological and biogeochemical processes in the region. This paper reviews the recent progress and accomplishments in the international KE observations as well as the ongoing efforts by Chinese scientists-including in 2020 the successful construction of the Kuroshio Extension Mooring System (KEMS), the first real-time data-transmission mooring array in the Northwest Pacific. During the construction of the KEMS, it was found that subduction by eddy lateral advection accounted for more than 50% of the total subduction rate for mode waters. The mesoscale eddies could trap and transport such mode waters southwestward to the western boundary of the subtropical gyre within one and a half year. By simultaneous temperature/salinity measurements and velocity measurement from the mooring arrays, the dynamic features of subthermocline eddies (STEs) in the KE region were examined in detail. For the first time in situ evidence of three types of STEs were obtained in this region, which provided a solid observational basis for further investigation of the detailed generation and erosion mechanisms of the KTEs as well as the global subsurface mass/heat transport processes. The paper proposes that future observational systems should include integrated open-ocean observational platforms for multisphere, multidisciplinary studies, which can provide important observational support for the understanding of multiscale physical biological coupling, deep-ocean energy cascade and its climate effects, and deep-ocean carbon cycle.

Key words: Northwest Pacific, Kuroshio Extension, observation system, multi-sphere, multi-disciplinary

中图分类号:

P714
P721

陈朝晖, 林霄沛, 马昕, 管延锋, 周春, 张岳奇, 马克. 西北太平洋黑潮延伸体观测回顾和展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 13-22.

CHEN Zhaohui, LIN Xiaopei, MA Xin, GUAN Yanfeng, ZHOU Chun, ZHANG Yueqi, MA Ke. Observational studies in the Kuroshio Extension region, Northwest Pacific—a review and outlook[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 13-22.

图/表 7

图1 海洋物质能量循环示意图

Fig.1 Diagram of ocean material and energy cycle

图2 海洋多尺度过程示意图(据文献[4])

Fig.2 Diagram of ocean multi-scale processes. Adapted from [4].

图3 KESS计划观测示意图(据文献[18]) 图中红色菱形代表CPIES,蓝色六角星代表锚系剖面仪,Argo浮标投放在绿色方框内,蓝色实线为T/P-Jason 1卫星的轨道,紫色实线为轮渡测量路线。

Fig.3 Diagram of KESS program. Adapted from [18].

图4 黑潮延伸体海区的锚系浮标 a,b—两型KEO浮标;c—JKEO浮标;d—CKEO浮标。

Fig.4 Moored buoys in Kuroshio Extension region

图5 黑潮延伸体定点观测系统示意图

Fig.5 Diagram of Kuroshio Extension Mooring System

图6 基于Argo浮标观测的模态水核心密度面上的位势涡度季节变化特征(据文献[34]) 坐标零点代表反气旋涡的核心,定义涡旋核心边界为相对涡度为0的闭合等值线,将涡旋的边界标准化为[-1, 1],代表标准化的涡旋半径。箭头表示地转流(m/s)。不同颜色的点表示每个Argo观测站位在模态水核心密度面(25.3 σ θ)上的位势涡度(单位10-10 m·s-1)。

Fig.6 Seasonal variation characteristics of potential vorticity (PV) on core layer of model water based on Argo floats. Adapted from [34].

图7 黑潮延伸体定点观测系统M1潜标观测的双核STE(据文献[45])

Fig.7 Dual-core STE captured by M1 of KEMS. Adapted from [45].

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