地浸采铀矿山地下水环境修复研究进展

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.11

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地浸采铀技术已成为世界采铀的主流工艺,采区退役后地下水环境修复亦为人们所关注的热点。文章简要介绍了碱法、中性和酸法三种典型地浸采铀技术的特点,系统分析了地浸采铀对地下水环境的影响,并以酸法地浸铀矿山地下水环境修复技术为例,重点介绍了物理化学修复技术和生物修复技术及其原理与应用,归纳总结了其优缺点,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。指出下一步应加强在酸性与氧化环境中能使铀固定并长期稳定的新技术,高活性、强适应性修复菌群的选育、驯化技术,地下水异位-原位协同生物修复技术,以及放射性核素及重金属在铀矿地浸地下水环境中的吸附-解吸、氧化-还原、溶解-沉淀等行为与机理及其主控因素等方面的研究。

关键词: 酸法地浸, 铀污染, 硫酸盐污染, 生物修复

Abstract:

In situ leaching is a mainstream technology that has been widely used in uranium mining around the world, and groundwater restoration in the leaching area is of public concern. In this article, groundwater environments are systematically characterized in the three-leaching (i.e., alkaline, neutral and acidic leaching) technology-based mines. Considering acidic leaching of uranium has the most significant environmental impact, remediation technologies including physicochemical remediation and bioremediation as well as their mechanisms and applications are critically reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of the remediation technologies are highlighted. Finally, the potential research gaps are identified, which include (1) new technology for uranium fixation and long-term stability in acidic and oxidizing environments; (2) breeding, domestication technology for highly active and strongly adaptive repair bacteria; (3) ex situ and in situ cooperative bioremediation technology of groundwater; and (4) studies on the mechanisms and controlling factors of the adsorption-desorption, oxidation-reduction, dissolution-precipitation of radionuclides and heavy metals in the groundwater environment of in situ leaching uranium mining.

Key words: acid leaching, uranium contamination, sulfate contamination, bioremediation

中图分类号:

孙占学, 马文洁, 刘亚洁, 刘金辉, 周义朋. 地浸采铀矿山地下水环境修复研究进展[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 215-225.

SUN Zhanxue, MA Wenjie, LIU Yajie, LIU Jinhui, ZHOU Yipeng. Research progress on groundwater contamination and remediation in in situ leaching uranium mines[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 215-225.

图/表 5

图1 已探明铀资源全球分布(据文献[1])

Fig.1 Distribution of world’s proven uranium reserves. Adapted from [1].

图2 2019年全球主要国家天然铀产量占比(据文献[1])

Fig.2 Natural uranium production in major countries of the world. Adapted from [1].

表1 地浸采铀常用工艺及原理

Table 1 Regular techniques and principle of in situ leaching of uranium

工艺方法	适用条件	常用试剂	工作原理
酸法	碳酸盐含量不应超过2.0%	H₂SO₄、HCl、HNO₃等	UO₃+H₂SO₄=UO₂SO₄+H₂O U₃O₈+ $12$ O₂+3H₂SO₄=3UO₂SO₄+3H₂O UO₂SO₄+2 $SO 4 2 -$ =[ $U O 2 (SO 4) 3$ ]^4-
碱法	碳酸盐含量过高(>2.0%) 或矿段埋深较大(> 400 m)	Na₂CO₃、 NaHCO₃等	UO₃+3Na₂CO₃+H₂O=Na₄[ $U O 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+2NaOH U₃O₈+9Na₂CO₃+ $12$ O₂+3H₂O=3Na₄[ $UO 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+6NaOH NaHCO₃+NaOH=Na₂CO₃+H₂O
中性	低品位、高碳酸盐、高矿化度	O₂+CO₂	CO₂+H₂O=H⁺+HC $O 3 -$ 2UO₂+O₂=2UO₃ UO₃+3 $HCO 3 -$ =[ $U O 2 (C O 3) 3$ ]^4-+3H⁺

表1 地浸采铀常用工艺及原理

Table 1 Regular techniques and principle of in situ leaching of uranium

工艺方法	适用条件	常用试剂	工作原理
酸法	碳酸盐含量不应超过2.0%	H₂SO₄、HCl、HNO₃等	UO₃+H₂SO₄=UO₂SO₄+H₂O U₃O₈+ $12$ O₂+3H₂SO₄=3UO₂SO₄+3H₂O UO₂SO₄+2 $SO 4 2 -$ =[ $U O 2 (SO 4) 3$ ]^4-
碱法	碳酸盐含量过高(>2.0%) 或矿段埋深较大(> 400 m)	Na₂CO₃、 NaHCO₃等	UO₃+3Na₂CO₃+H₂O=Na₄[ $U O 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+2NaOH U₃O₈+9Na₂CO₃+ $12$ O₂+3H₂O=3Na₄[ $UO 2 (CO 3) 3$ ]+6NaOH NaHCO₃+NaOH=Na₂CO₃+H₂O
中性	低品位、高碳酸盐、高矿化度	O₂+CO₂	CO₂+H₂O=H⁺+HC $O 3 -$ 2UO₂+O₂=2UO₃ UO₃+3 $HCO 3 -$ =[ $U O 2 (C O 3) 3$ ]^4-+3H⁺

图3 微生物与铀相互作用机制示意说明(据文献[40,41,42,43,44])

Fig.3 Mechanisms of interactions between microorganisms and uranium. Adapted from [40-44].

图4 铀生物修复过程概念模型示意图(据文献[18])

Fig.4 A conceptual model of the uranium bioremediation process. Adapted from [18].

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