土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.6

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 136-145.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.6

土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究

孙昭玥¹^,²^,³(), 郑西来¹, 郑天元¹^,^*(), 栾永霞⁴, 辛佳¹

1.中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院, 山东青岛 266100
2.中国科学院南京土壤研究所, 江苏南京 210008
3.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
4.山东省青岛市城阳区农业农村局, 山东青岛 266109

收稿日期:2020-08-26 修回日期:2020-12-18 出版日期:2021-09-25 发布日期:2021-10-29
通信作者: 郑天元
作者简介:孙昭玥(1991—),女,博士研究生,环境科学专业,主要从事土壤和地下水中污染物的迁移转化研究。E-mail: 1539321291@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金重点项目(41731280)

Influencing factors and performance of enhanced denitrification layer in the vadose zone

SUN Zhaoyue¹^,²^,³(), ZHENG Xilai¹, ZHENG Tianyuan¹^,^*(), LUAN Yongxia⁴, XIN Jia¹

1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4. Chengyang District Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Qingdao 266109, China

Received:2020-08-26 Revised:2020-12-18 Online:2021-09-25 Published:2021-10-29
Contact: ZHENG Tianyuan

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

包气带作为防止地下水硝酸盐污染的天然屏障,其反硝化效果通常受到碳源的限制。针对地下水硝酸盐污染防治技术现状,本文采用Ca(OH)₂处理的玉米芯作为反硝化的碳源材料,构建包气带强化反应层,用响应曲面法研究硝酸盐浓度、含水量和温度的交互作用对脱氮性能影响,并用硝态氮去除率、亚硝态氮累积、pH值变化以及溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)淋失通量综合评价脱氮性能,最后采用高通量测序揭示脱氮层中微生物变化。研究结果表明:温度、含水量以及温度和含水量交互作用对硝态氮去除率影响显著,其中温度是反硝化过程中最关键的因素;系统运行74天后,硝态氮去除率达到50%,亚硝态氮累积量(以N计)大多低于3 mg/L,pH值维持在7.0左右,DOC淋失通量(以C计)介于0.10.2 mg/(cm²·d);高通量测序发现,脱氮层中微生物的丰富度降低,而与反硝化和碳分解有关的微生物相对丰度提高,在碳源的刺激下微生物向有利于脱氮的方向演变。

关键词: 非饱和带, 碳源, 反硝化, 高通量测序, 响应曲面

Abstract:

The vadose zone is a natural barrier for preventing nitrate contamination of groundwater and its denitrification effect is limited by carbon contents. In order to control nitrate pollution in groundwater, the Ca(OH)₂-treated corn cobs were used as a carbon source to construct a reactive layer to speed up denitrification. The effects of interactions between nitrate concentration, humidity and temperature on denitrification performance were studied by response surface method. Denitrification performance was then comprehensively evaluated in terms of nitrate removal efficiency, nitrite accumulation concentration, pH value and leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). The results show that the temperature and humidity as well as the interactions between them had significant effects on nitrate removal efficiency, with temperature being the most critical factor in this process. After 74 days, the nitrate removal efficiency reached 50% and the nitrite level was mostly lower than 3 mg(N)/L; the pH of the reactive layer maintained around 7.0; and the DOC leaching flux fluctuated between 0.1 and 0.2 mg(C)/(cm²·d). A high-throughput sequencing analysis shows an decrease of microbial richness in the denitrification layer and an increase of relative abundances of microorganisms related to denitrification and carbon source decomposition. The aborigine bacteria in the vadose zone are abundant, which is beneficial for denitrification under the effect of carbon source.

Key words: vadose zone, carbon source, denitrification, high throughput sequencing, response surface

中图分类号:

P641.2

孙昭玥, 郑西来, 郑天元, 栾永霞, 辛佳. 土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 136-145.

SUN Zhaoyue, ZHENG Xilai, ZHENG Tianyuan, LUAN Yongxia, XIN Jia. Influencing factors and performance of enhanced denitrification layer in the vadose zone[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 136-145.

图/表 9

表1 BBD实验设计和响应值

Table 1 Box-Behnken design experiments and response values

试验设计	影响因素				响应值
试验设计	温度A/℃	硝态氮浓度 B/(mg·L^-1)	含水量C (WHC)/%		硝态氮去除率Y/%
1	10	100	80	24.00
2	30	100	80	61.42
3	10	300	80	27.1
4	30	300	80	43.01
5	10	200	60	28.02
6	30	200	60	35.00
7	10	200	100	30.43
8	30	200	100	100.00
9	20	100	60	30.74
10	20	300	60	32.20
11	20	100	100	40.72
12	20	300	100	33.30
13	20	200	80	33.45
14	20	200	80	33.44
15	20	200	80	33.81
16	20	200	80	33.80
17	20	200	80	36.01

图1 试验装置(a)和强化脱氮层(b)示意图

Fig.1 Schematic diagrams of experimental setup (a) and the enhanced denitrification layer (b)

图2 硝态氮浓度与温度(a),含水量与温度(b)以及含水量与硝态氮浓度(c)相互作用对硝态氮去除率影响的响应曲面图

Fig.2 Response surface plots showing the effects of interactions between nitrate-nitrogen concentration and temperature (a), moisture and temperature (b) or moisture and nitrate-nitrogen concentration (c) on the nitrate-nitrogen removal efficiency

表2 硝态氮去除率的模型各项方差分析

Table 2 Variance analysis of nitrate nitrogen removal efficiency

项目	平方和	自由度	平均方差	F值	p值
模型	4 766.76	9	529.64	13.83	0.001 1
温度A	1 796.70	1	1 796.70	46.93	0.000 2
硝态氮浓度B	46.46	1	46.46	1.21	0.307 0
含水量C	552.95	1	552.95	14.44	0.006 7
D_AB	138.30	1	138.30	3.61	0.099 1
E_AC	1 390.17	1	1 390.17	36.31	0.000 5
F_BC	19.71	1	19.71	0.51	0.496 2
A²	482.04	1	482.04	12.59	0.009 4
B²	173.42	1	173.42	4.53	0.070 8
C²	181.18	1	181.18	4.73	0.066 1

图3 脱氮层出水硝态氮(a)、亚硝态氮(b)、pH值(c)和DOC淋失通量(d)的变化图

Fig.3 Changes of nitrate-nitrogen concentration (a), nitrite-nitrogen concentration (b), pH value (c) and DOC leaching flux (d) in the effluent of denitrification layer

表3 脱氮层与土壤对照组中微生物群落多样性分析

Table 3 Analytical results of microbial community diversity in the denitrification layer and soil control group

样品名称	OTUs	Shannon	Simpson	Chao1	ACE	Good’s coverage
脱氮层	953	6.941	0.984	946.485	992.522	0.992
土壤对照组	1 413	7.101	0.938	1 411.484	1 414.006	0.992

图4 脱氮层(a)和对照组(b)微生物物种在门水平上的相对丰度

Fig.4 Relative abundances of predominant microbial phyla in the denitrification layer (a) and soil control group (b)

图5 脱氮层(a)和对照组(b)微生物物种在纲水平上的相对丰度

Fig.5 Relative abundances of predominant bacterial classes in the denitrification layer (a) and soil control group (b)

图6 脱氮层(a)和对照组(b)微生物在属水平上的相对丰度

Fig.6 Relative abundances of predominant functional bacterial genera in the denitrification layer (a) and soil control group (b)

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土壤包气带强化反应层脱氮的控制因素与性能研究

Influencing factors and performance of enhanced denitrification layer in the vadose zone

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