山地灾害沉积物的测年综述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.7

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2): 1-18.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.7

山地灾害沉积物的测年综述

赖忠平¹(), 杨安娜²^,³, 丛禄²^,⁴, 刘维明², 王昊⁵

1.汕头大学海洋科学研究院, 广东汕头 515063
2.中国科学院、水利部成都山地灾害与环境研究所中国科学院山地灾害与地表过程国家重点实验室, 四川成都 610041
3.西北师范大学地理与环境科学学院, 甘肃兰州 730070
4.中国科学院青海盐湖研究所中国科学院盐湖资源与化学重点实验室, 青海西宁 810008
5.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所, 北京 100101

收稿日期:2020-06-15 修回日期:2020-08-23 出版日期:2021-03-25 发布日期:2021-04-03
作者简介:赖忠平(1968—),男,教授,博士生导师,主要从事第四纪地质和光释光年代学研究。E-mails: zhongping.lai@yahoo.com; zhongping_lai@stu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(91747207);国家自然科学基金项目(41771023);国家自然科学基金项目(41807448)

A review on the dating techniques for mountain hazards-induced sediments

LAI Zhongping¹(), YANG Anna²^,³, CONG Lu²^,⁴, LIU Weiming², WANG Hao⁵

1. Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
2. CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and Earth Surface Processes, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
3. College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
4. CAS Key Laboratory of Salt Lake Resource and Chemistry, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
5. Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resource Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2020-06-15 Revised:2020-08-23 Online:2021-03-25 Published:2021-04-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山地灾害事件发生的年代是理解其发育机制并作出预测的基础。在长时间尺度上,常用的测年方法有光释光、¹⁴C、宇宙成因核素和火山灰测年等,其中的关键是能否在剖面中寻找到合适的测年物质。短时间尺度的测年方法以树轮为主,辅以地衣测年。在山地灾害中,不仅灾害沉积本身,其相关沉积物对事件年代也具有指示意义。在实际应用中,根据测年材料的可获性来选择合适的测年方法,最好能结合多种方法对整个灾害沉积体系进行交叉测年,以增强结果的可靠性。野外采样既要满足灾害研究的需要,又要满足年代学的要求。因此建议在野外采样时,灾害和年代学研究人员共同现场讨论以确定最佳采样策略。随着山地灾害得到越来越多的关注,人们认识到仅依据测量记录和历史记录很难具备足够的数据来评估其频率和强度变化,因而,古灾害事件的测年必将得到越来越多的应用。

关键词: 山地灾害, 测年方法的选择, 野外采样策略

Abstract:

Chronology of mountain hazard events is the foundation for understanding hazard mechanisms and making hazard predictions. On the long timescale, the conventional dating methods include OSL, ¹⁴C, cosmogenic nuclides, tephrochronometry, etc.; on the short timescale, dendrochronology is normally used, supplemented by lichenometry. The selection of a specific technique depends on the availability of dating materials in the field. In order to enhance the reliability of dating results, cross-checking by different techniques is essential whenever dating materials are available. The field sampling should meet the age determination task for hazard events as well as the chronological requirements, thus researchers carrying out hazard and dating studies should collaborate routinely in the field during sample collection. We summarize here the routines and key points of related dating methods in order to provide some instructions for laboratory work and field trips. In particular, we emphasize the role of OSL and ¹⁴C techniques in dating mountain hazard sediments, as they are the most widely used dating methods at present. We suggest replicating dating results for critical sediment layers as an effective and practical way to assess the impact of OSL partial bleaching: If replication provides similar ages within error, the partial bleaching could be minor or negligible. OSL is ideal for dating dammed lake deposits which is the common recorder of mountain hazards. For ¹⁴C dating, the saturation age is mostly between 25-35 ka BP regardless of the dating materials, indicating that age falling into this range or beyond should be taken with caution.

Key words: mountain hazards, selection of dating techniques, sampling strategy in the field

中图分类号:

P694

赖忠平, 杨安娜, 丛禄, 刘维明, 王昊. 山地灾害沉积物的测年综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 1-18.

LAI Zhongping, YANG Anna, CONG Lu, LIU Weiming, WANG Hao. A review on the dating techniques for mountain hazards-induced sediments[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 1-18.

图/表 7

图1 滑坡与溃坝事件的频率-规模图(据文献[10]修改) a—大型陆上滑坡、海底滑坡和坝体溃决的沉积物方量分布,矩形范围内包含每个样本总体积的90%,竖线表示第95个百分比;b—采用刀切法得出的自然坝体溃决期间释放的水量与其侵蚀的沉积物方量之比,红线为尺度指数与中位截距的最佳拟合线。

Fig.1 Frequency-magnitude diagram of landslide and dam break events. Modified after [10].

图2 河流相沉积物单颗粒等效剂量分布的阿巴尼科图(Abanico plots)(据文献[28]修改) a—沉积物埋藏前晒退良好;b—沉积物埋藏前部分晒退。

Fig.2 Abanico plots showing different single-grain De distributions for fluvial depositions of (a) weathered and (b) partially weathered materials. Modified after [28].

图3 青藏高原雅鲁藏布江上游大峡谷入口处格嘎古堰塞湖剖面的OSL和14C测年结果(据文献[61]修改) 剖面(a)为黄土剖面,其余剖面为湖相剖面。

Fig.3 OSL and 14C dating results for the Gega Dammed Lake at the upstream entrance of the Yarlung Zangbo River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Modified after [61].

图4 14C测年原理示意图(据文献[12]修改)

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of 14C dating. Modified after [12].

图5 宇宙成因核素在未受侵蚀岩石表面的积累(据文献[115]修改)

Fig.5 Accumulation of cosmogenic nuclides in a non-eroding surface. Modified after [115].

图6 挪威云杉在滑坡作用下形成的径部变形和年轮结构(据文献[156]修改) a—未受损害的直径云杉树轮;b—因滑坡发生倾斜的云杉树轮。

Fig.6 (a) Normal and (b) landslide tilted Norway spruce showing stem deformations and tree-ring structure developed under gravity. Modified after [156].

图7 滑坡-堰塞湖-溃决洪水灾害链沉积模式(据文献[177,178,179]修改) a—湖相沉积模式,展示湖泊沉积特征在不同扩散机制下的空间变化,在湖水温度条件主导下,湖盆上部环流控制沉积,沉积物将依据湖盆底部形态成层沉积,此时在A、B两处所测年代均可代表堰塞湖的形成年代;在湖水沉积物浓度主导下,湖盆底部环流控制沉积,沉积物将呈水平层理成层沉积,此时在A’处所测年代可以代表堰塞湖形成年代,但B’处所测年代不能代表堰塞湖形成年代(据文献[177]修改); b—鲁朗堰塞湖扇三角洲前积层; c—帕隆藏布江米美村湖相中的洪水沉积; d—坝体沉积模式,最上层为巨砾壳层,沉积体主体为夹杂拼图结构(灰色)和剪切层(红色)的碎石沉积物,该示意图体现了坝体沉积物的非均质性(据文献[177]修改); e—理塘毛娅坝滑坡堆积体; f—巴塘金沙江王大龙滑坡塘; g—巨型洪水拦门沙沉积模式(据文献[179]修改); h—白格溃决洪水在支流入口处形成的拦门沙; i—雅鲁藏布江加查段巨型洪水涡流坝。

Fig.7 Deposition model of the landalide-dammed lake-megaflood hazard chain event. Modified after [177,178,179].

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山地灾害沉积物的测年综述

A review on the dating techniques for mountain hazards-induced sediments

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