上新世热带海道变化影响东亚气候的模拟研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.58

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 310-321.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.58

上新世热带海道变化影响东亚气候的模拟研究

谭宁¹^,²(), 张仲石³^,⁴^,⁵^,^*(), 郭正堂¹^,⁶^,⁷, 王会军⁵^,⁸^,⁹

1.中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所, 北京 100029
2.中国科学院地球科学研究院, 北京 100029
3.中国地质大学(武汉), 湖北武汉 430074
4.中国气象局-中国地质大学(武汉) 极端天气气候与水文地质灾害研究中心, 湖北武汉 430074
5.中国科学院大气物理研究所竺可桢-南森国际研究中心, 北京 100029
6.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
7.中国科学院生物演化与环境卓越创新中心, 北京 100044
8.南京信息工程大学气象灾害教育部重点实验室气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心, 江苏南京 210044
9.中国科学院气候变化研究中心, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2021-08-15 修回日期:2021-09-27 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-08-24
通信作者: 张仲石
作者简介:谭宁(1989—),女,博士,副研究员,主要从事古气候模拟研究工作。E-mail: ning.tan@mail.iggcas.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41888101);国家自然科学基金项目(41690114);中国科学院专项(XDB26000000);中国科学院专项(XDA13010106);国家自然科学基金项目(41907371)

Modeling study of the impact of tropical seaway changes on East Asian climate

TAN Ning¹^,²(), ZHANG Zhongshi³^,⁴^,⁵^,^*(), GUO Zhengtang¹^,⁶^,⁷, WANG Huijun⁵^,⁸^,⁹

1. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2. Institute of Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3. China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
4. Union Centre of Extreme Weather, Climate and Hydrogeological Hazards, China Meteorological Administration-China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
5. Nansen-Zhu International Research Center, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
7. CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing 100044, China
8. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
9. Climate Change Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2021-08-15 Revised:2021-09-27 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-08-24
Contact: ZHANG Zhongshi

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

上新世早—中期是巴拿马海道关闭及印度尼西亚海道收缩的关键时期。目前,针对这两个海道关闭的气候效应已有不少研究,但多数研究关注巴拿马海道、洋流变化及其与北半球高纬冰盖发育的联系,缺乏两大热带海道关闭/收缩对东亚气候影响及机理的研究。我们基于挪威地球系统模型(NorESM-L)探讨了印尼海道收缩及巴拿马海道的浅关闭对东亚气候的影响。结果表明,热带海道的关闭/收缩加强了北太平洋的经向梯度,进一步导致夏季近地表气温在东亚北部降低,东亚南部升高;降水在长江流域至中国东海一线显著增加,但在东亚南部至西南部显著减少。冬季,近地表气温在东亚大陆地区升高,降水减少。上述变化主要由印尼海道的收缩导致,除冬季温度外,巴拿马海道浅关闭对东亚气候的影响较弱。此外,结合定性的记录-模拟对比,我们进一步揭示出热带海道的关闭/收缩可在一定程度上影响东亚气候在中上新世的转型,但不是主要驱动力。

关键词: 上新世, 热带海道, 东亚气候, 太平洋海表温度

Abstract:

The closure or constriction of tropical seaways during the early to mid-Pliocene (4.2-3 Ma) are highly relevant to paleoclimate due to their roles in modulating the global heat and moisture transport; however, their potential impacts on the East Asian (EA) climate and the underlying mechanism are unclear. Here, based on a set of sensitivity experiments using the NorESM-L AOGCM model, we systematically analyzed the influence of the Indonesian throughflow constriction and shallow central American seaway (CAS) closure on the EA climate. Our results reveal that the closure of tropical seaways leads to ocean surface warming in tropical regions and cooling in the mid-to-high-latitude North Pacific. The resulting sea surface temperature changes produce contrasting thermal effects in the northern (cooling) and southern China (warming), which leads to more precipitation along the mid-to-east elongated region of East Asia in summer, but causes warmer, drier condition in China in winter. This climate effect mainly results from the constriction of the Indonesian throughflow, with minimal impact from the shallow CAS closure. Combined with qualitative model-data comparison, our results further reveal that the closure/constriction of shallow tropical seaways can act to some extent on the EA climate transition during the Early to Mid-Pliocene but is not the major driver for this transition.

Key words: Pliocene, tropical seaways, East Asian climate, Pacific surface temperature

中图分类号:

P467

谭宁, 张仲石, 郭正堂, 王会军. 上新世热带海道变化影响东亚气候的模拟研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 310-321.

TAN Ning, ZHANG Zhongshi, GUO Zhengtang, WANG Huijun. Modeling study of the impact of tropical seaway changes on East Asian climate[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 310-321.

图/表 11

表1 试验设计

Table 1 Setting configurations for each experiment

试验名	边界条件	印尼海道	巴拿马海道	试验时长	气候场
Plio2	上新世暖期	现代	关闭	1 600年	最后100年
IndoCAS100	上新世暖期	打开(深度100 m)	打开(深度100 m)	1 600年	最后100年
IndoCAS100_half	上新世暖期	打开(宽度减少50%,深度100 m)	打开(宽度减少50%,深度100 m)	1 600年	最后100年
Indo100	上新世暖期	打开(深度100 m)	关闭	1 600年	最后100年
CAS100	上新世暖期	现代	打开(深度100 m)	1 600年	最后100年

图1 热带海道的边界条件(a—Plio2;b—IndoCAS100;c—IndoCAS100_half)

Fig.1 Tropical land sea mask and bathymetry for Plio2 (a), IndoCAS100 (b), IndoCAS100_half (c).

图2 热带海道关闭导致的海表温度的年均异常紫色等值线代表热带大洋暖池的范围,本文中暖池的定义为年均28 ℃的等温线。紫色虚线为Plio2的暖池范围,紫色实线为海道打开的暖池范围。

Fig.2 Changes to the mean annual sea surface temperature after the closure of the tropical seaways

图3 印尼海道收缩(a)及巴拿马海道关闭(b)对热带海道关闭导致海表温度异常(图2a)的相对贡献

Fig.3 The relative contribution of Indo constriction (a) and CAS closure (b) on the SST anomaly led by two tropical seaways' closure/constriction (Fig.2a)

图4 上新世暖期(a)、海道打开状态下(b)及海道关闭后(c)西太平洋表层洋流的变化

Fig.4 Western Pacific ocean currents above 100 m in Plio2 (a) and IndoCAS100 (b) and the current difference between Plio2 and IndoCAS100 (c)

图5 热带海道关闭(Plio2-IndoCAS100)对东亚气候的影响 a—c分别为年均、夏季、冬季的近地表气温异常;d—f中阴影部分为相应的降水异常,矢量箭头代表水汽垂直积分输送异常;g—i为海道打开状态下的水汽垂直积分输送场。

Fig.5 The climate anomalies between Plio2 and IndoCAS100

图6 热带海道关闭对东亚夏季气候影响的合成图(a)及31°N纬向垂直剖面风场图(b) a中包括海表温度异常(海洋区域阴影),西北太平洋副热带高压范围(5990位势米等值线,虚线为Plio2, 实线为IndoCAS100)、海洋ITCZ的变化(蓝色虚线为Plio2, 实线为IndoCAS100),500 hPa位势高度场的变化(虚线为Plio2, 实线为IndoCAS100)及Plio2情形下的东亚大槽位置(粉色实线)。此外,图中的绿色阴影为热带海道关闭后降水增加的显著区域;绿色矢量箭头为850hPa风场异常场。b中橙色为Plio2, 蓝色为IndoCAS100。

Fig.6 Composite plot for the SST anomaly, the ITCZ positions in the Pacific ocean and the major region where precipitation increases in East Asia (a) and longitude-altitude profiles of composed zonal and vertical wind at 31°N (b)

图7 热带海道关闭后夏季(a-c)、冬季(d-f)的近地表气温异常及单个海道的相对作用注:图中点表示结果在99%置信标准下具有统计学意义的区域。

Fig.7 Seasonal SAT anomalies after the closure of tropical seaways (a: JJA, d: DJF) and the relative contribution of the Indo closure alone (b, e) and CAS closure alone (c, f) on the integrated seasonal anomaly

图8 热带海道关闭后夏季(a-c)和冬季(d-f)降水异常及单个海道的相对作用

Fig.8 Precipitation anomalies after the closure of tropical seaways and the relative contributions of each closure alone in summer (a-c) and winter (d-f)

表2 中上新世东亚地区地质记录及其气候指示意义

Table 2 Reconstructed data and climatic implications located in East Asia applied in this study

序号	剖面/钻孔	经纬度/(°)	文献	指标	指示意义
1	ODP1146	19.27/116.16	[49]	Rb/Sr,CIA,平均粒度	4~3 Ma夏季降水加强,冬季风加强
2	长江三角洲LZK1	31.2/121.5	[50]	CIA	4~3 Ma夏季降水加强
3	日本西南部	34.45/136.3	[51]	化学风化数据	4~3 Ma夏季降水加强
4	西和	34.04/105.23	[34]	黄土粒度,化学风化数据	3.6 Ma后冬季风加强,夏季风减弱
5	蓝田	34/109	[52]	古土壤δ¹³C	3.6 Ma后呈变干趋势
6	西峰	35.53/107.58	[53]	孢粉	4.5~3.7 Ma气候变干
	西峰	35.53/107.58	[34]	黄土粒度,化学风化数据	3.6 Ma后冬季风加强,夏季风减弱
	西峰	35.53/107.58	[35]	黄土粒度	3.6 Ma后冬季风加强
7	灵台	35.04/107.39	[54]	古土壤δ¹³C	4 Ma后呈变干趋势
7	灵台	35.04/107.39	[55]	黄土粒度	4.7~4.3 Ma冬季风加强
8	朝那	35.6/107.12	[56]	生物标志物	3.8 Ma后夏季风、冬季风均加强
9	宝德	39/111	[52]	古土壤δ¹³C	3.6 Ma后呈变干趋势
10	酒西	39.47/97.32	[57]	孢粉	3.6~3.3 Ma后呈变干趋势
11	鸭湖	37.4/94.3	[58]	孢粉	3.6 Ma后呈变干趋势
12	白家嘴	35.53/107.27	[36]	粉尘累积率	3.6 Ma后冬季风加强
13	佳县	38.16/110.5	[59]	黄土粒度	3.6 Ma后冬季风加强
14	ODP885/886	44.7/-168.3	[45]	粉尘累积率	3.6 Ma后内陆干旱化加剧,西风急流加强

图9 热带海道关闭后,东亚夏季降水(a)及冬季风场(b)异常场及其与重建记录的对比 a中红色、蓝色点位分别代表重建记录中存在变湿、变干的趋势;b中橙色点位表示记录中风场加强的状态;图中点位的序号与表2一致。

Fig.9 Qualitative model-data comparison of East Asian climate change after the closure of CAS and Indo

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上新世热带海道变化影响东亚气候的模拟研究

Modeling study of the impact of tropical seaway changes on East Asian climate

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