湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.43

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (3): 179-188.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2022.1.43

湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度

曾成¹(), 何春¹^,², 肖时珍³, 刘再华¹^,^*(), 陈旺光¹^,², 何江湖³

1.中国科学院地球化学研究所环境地球化学国家重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550081
2.中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
3.贵州师范大学喀斯特研究院国家喀斯特石漠化防治工程技术研究中心, 贵州贵阳 550001

收稿日期:2022-01-27 修回日期:2022-02-13 出版日期:2022-05-25 发布日期:2022-04-28
通讯作者: 刘再华
作者简介:曾成(1979—),男,副研究员,主要从事岩溶水文地质研究工作。E-mail: zcchampion@qq.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41673129)

Carbon flux in a typical dolomite-dominated drainage basin in humid subtropical climate

ZENG Cheng¹(), HE Chun¹^,², XIAO Shizhen³, LIU Zaihua¹^,^*(), CHEN Wangguang¹^,², HE Jianghu³

1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China

Received:2022-01-27 Revised:2022-02-13 Online:2022-05-25 Published:2022-04-28
Contact: LIU Zaihua

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

岩溶作用积极参与全球碳循环过程,进一步弄清岩溶碳汇机制对于精确评估碳循环过程意义重大。中国碳酸盐岩分布面积广大,尤以西南地区最为广泛与集中,虽然本区已开展了较多以石灰岩为主流域的岩溶碳汇研究,但是与白云岩流域相关的研究较为薄弱,这不利于精确评价中国岩溶碳汇潜力和服务于国家碳中和战略。为此,本文以中国西南岩溶区内具代表性的贵州施秉黄洲河白云岩流域作为研究区,对湿润亚热带典型白云岩小流域的水-岩-气相互作用及其无机岩溶碳汇进行了为期1年(2018年5月至2019年5月)的水文水化学自动监测研究。获得了黄洲河白云岩流域的降雨量、流量、水温、电导率、pH值等高时间分辨率的连续监测数据,并采用化学热力学模型计算了方解石与白云石饱和指数及河水中CO₂分压等水化学指标。结果显示:(1)该白云岩流域属典型的山区雨源型河流,洪水流量过程虽然呈现显著的暴涨暴落特征,但是流域出口河水的化学动态仍受水化学稳态行为的控制;(2)流域上游高原面上浅切割地表河两侧发育溶隙型含水介质,中下游排水系统为地表河,由于地表河水中CO₂的释放,使该流域出口河水的方解石饱和指数较高,并伴有河床钙华沉积;(3)采用白云石开放系统化学热力学模型,结合不同土地利用类型的土壤CO₂数据,计算出泄流于地表河的岩溶地下水 $HCO 3 -$ 浓度为5.1 mmol/L,该值要高于黄洲河出口河水 $HCO 3 -$ 平均浓度16%,表明该岩溶流域内的地表河因受紊流脱气和水生生物光合作用的影响,水中的溶解无机碳有所降低;(4)由水化学-径流法准确计算了该白云岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量(以CO₂计),为36.43 t/(km²·a),该值并未显著高于中国南方其他碳酸盐岩流域的岩溶碳汇通量,表明白云岩流域覆被中CO₂浓度仍与流域径流量呈反比关系,这两个主控因子的共同作用,使湿润亚热带岩溶流域的岩溶碳汇通量不至于发生较大变化。

关键词: 白云岩流域, 岩溶碳汇强度, 水化学稳态行为, 水化学动态, 自动监测

Abstract:

Karstification is directly involved in the global carbon cycle. Understanding the mechanism of karst carbon sink is of great significance for an accurate evaluation of the carbon cycle. Carbonate rocks are widely distributed in China, especially in southwestern China. Although quite amount of research on inorganic carbon sequestration in limestone-dominated watersheds of this area has been carried out, only few involved the dolomite counterparts, which has adverse impacts on the accurate assessment of China’s carbon sink potential in karst systems and the national effort toward carbon neutrality. To fill this research gap, we investigated the Huangzhou River Basin in Shibing, Guizhou Province, a representative domolmite-dominated drainage basin in humid subtropical climate in southwestern China. We conducted a year-long (May 2018 to May 2019) automated hydrological, hydrochemical monitoring study of water-rock-gas interaction and inorganic carbon sequestration in the drainage basin, and obtained high temporal resolution continuous monitoring data on regional rainfall and water flow, water temperature, water conductivity and pH at the outlet area of the Huangzhou River Basin. The saturation indexes of calcite and dolomite and the partial pressure of CO₂ in river water were then calculated based on a chemical thermodynamic model. Our study show that (1) the Huangzhou River Basin is a typical drainage basin in mountainous area that is significantly impacted by rainfall. Although flash flooding happens frequently, the chemical regime of the dolomite-dominated drainage basin is still controlled by its chemostatic behavior. (2) The river is sourced from dolomite aquifer upstream on a residual plateau where good quality water-bearing media made of karstified dolomite are developed on either side of a shallow waterbed; whereas its middle and downstream sections lack well developed karst system, with runoff overland into streams. Due to CO₂ release from river surface, the calcite saturation index of river water is high at the outlet, where travertine deposition could be found at the riverbed. (3) According to the chemical thermodynamic model of open system for dolomite, the $HCO 3 -$ concentration in karst groundwater discharged to the river was calculated to be 5.1 mmol/L using the soil CO₂ data for different land use types. This value is 16% higher than the average concentration of $HCO 3 -$ in river water at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin, indicating the dissolved inorganic carbon in the river water is reduced due to turbulence-promoted degassing and aquatic photosynthesis. (4) The carbon flux in the dolomite-dominated watershed, calculated by the load estimation method, was 36.43 t CO₂/(km²·a). This value is not significantly higher than the carbon flux in other carbonate-dominated drainage basins in southern China, suggesting the CO₂ concentration in land cover is still inversely proportional to watershed runoff in the dolomite-dominated drainage basin, so that its carbon flux remains relatively constant even in humid subtropical climate.

Key words: dolomite-dominated watershed, carbon flux in karst system, chemostatic behavior, hydrochemical regime, automated monitoring

中图分类号:

P94
X143

曾成, 何春, 肖时珍, 刘再华, 陈旺光, 何江湖. 湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(3): 179-188.

ZENG Cheng, HE Chun, XIAO Shizhen, LIU Zaihua, CHEN Wangguang, HE Jianghu. Carbon flux in a typical dolomite-dominated drainage basin in humid subtropical climate[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(3): 179-188.

图/表 5

图1 黄洲河流域水文-地质简图(据文献[17-18]修改)

Fig.1 Simplified hydrogeological map of the Huangzhou River Basin. Modified after [17-18].

图2 黄洲河流域不同土地利用类型的土壤CO2浓度年变化

Fig.2 Annual variations of soil CO2 concentration for different land use types (bottom plots) and annual variation of average monthly temperature (top plot) in the Huangzhou River Basin

表1 黄洲河流域出口水化学指标的巡测结果统计

Table 1 Hydrochemical parameters of river water at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin from tour gauging

指标	离子浓度/(mg·L^-1)							T/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)
指标	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	T/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)
平均值	56.33	23.61	0.72	0.86	264.84	10.42	1.29	15.27	8.60	393.71
	(0.19)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.29)	(0.06)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.32)	(0.01)	(0.03)

表1 黄洲河流域出口水化学指标的巡测结果统计

Table 1 Hydrochemical parameters of river water at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin from tour gauging

指标	离子浓度/(mg·L^-1)							T/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)
指标	Ca²⁺	Mg²⁺	Na⁺	K⁺	$HCO 3 -$	$SO 4 2 -$	Cl^-	T/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)
平均值	56.33	23.61	0.72	0.86	264.84	10.42	1.29	15.27	8.60	393.71
	(0.19)	(0.16)	(0.15)	(0.29)	(0.06)	(0.21)	(0.22)	(0.32)	(0.01)	(0.03)

图3 黄洲河出口河水的水文水化学变化

Fig.3 Temporal variations of hydrological, hydrochemical parameters of river water at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin during a year-long monitoring study (May 2018-May 2019)

表2 黄洲河流域出口水文水化学动态统计值

Table 2 Data of hydrological, hydrochemical regime at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin

指标	流量/ (m³·s^-1)	水温/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)	$HCO 3 -$ 浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	SI_c	SI_d	$p C O 2$ /Pa	无机碳迁移量 (以C计)/(g·s^-1)
最小值	0.204	5.77	7.96	233.73	2.6	0.20	0.04	34.3	8.1
最大值	31.002	23.93	8.76	421.96	4.7	1.22	2.28	271.0	1 499.2
平均值	0.633	15.12	8.27	385.83	4.3	0.77	1.30	125.7	31.0
	(2.53)	(0.32)	(0.02)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.21)	(0.29)	(0.31)	(2.43)

表2 黄洲河流域出口水文水化学动态统计值

Table 2 Data of hydrological, hydrochemical regime at the outlet of the Huangzhou River Basin

指标	流量/ (m³·s^-1)	水温/℃	pH值	电导率/ (μS·cm^-1)	$HCO 3 -$ 浓度/ (mmol·L^-1)	SI_c	SI_d	$p C O 2$ /Pa	无机碳迁移量 (以C计)/(g·s^-1)
最小值	0.204	5.77	7.96	233.73	2.6	0.20	0.04	34.3	8.1
最大值	31.002	23.93	8.76	421.96	4.7	1.22	2.28	271.0	1 499.2
平均值	0.633	15.12	8.27	385.83	4.3	0.77	1.30	125.7	31.0
	(2.53)	(0.32)	(0.02)	(0.07)	(0.07)	(0.21)	(0.29)	(0.31)	(2.43)

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湿润亚热带典型白云岩流域的岩溶无机碳汇强度

Carbon flux in a typical dolomite-dominated drainage basin in humid subtropical climate

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