杀菌黏土矿物的研究进展与前景展望

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.7.20

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

黏土矿物具有特殊的层状结构与吸附性强、表面活性高、层间可交换阳离子丰富等理化特征,已被广泛应用于工业材料制造及环境修复等领域。而在医学领域,传统抗生素的滥用导致细菌的耐药性不断增强与全球流行,引发医学界对于现存抗生素有效性的担忧,开发新型杀菌药物迫在眉睫。尽管历史上已有黏土矿物缓解伤口脓肿、治疗消化不良及关节炎等病症的记载,现代分析技术的进步才使得研究者能够对黏土矿物及其杀菌机理进一步研究,从而深入挖掘其作为抗菌药物的潜在医学价值。近年来,国内外研究学者先后报道了黏土矿物自身广谱的杀菌能力,并指出其杀菌活性与矿物溶出的金属离子、其片层结构中赋存的活性铁、黏土表面带电性以及产生的活性氧基团(reactive oxygen species, ROS)等相关。另一方面,黏土矿物作为药物分子载体,可以增强杀菌药物的物理性能与杀菌活性,被广泛用于制备复合杀菌材料。本文综合近年来国内外研究团队对医药黏土的杀菌能力、过程与机理研究,探讨常见黏土矿物具备杀菌活性的必要条件与共性特征,简述黏土矿物作为有效载体所制备的杀菌材料,指明当前医药黏土矿物研发过程中存在的问题,为今后医药黏土研发提供些许建议。

关键词: 黏土矿物, 杀菌作用, 杀菌机理, 药物开发

Abstract:

Clay minerals have been widely utilized for industrial materials manufacturing and environmental remediation of heavy metals and organic contaminants, largely due to their layered structures and outstanding physio-chemical properties. In the medical field, antibiotic overuse has led to increased antimicrobial resistance, causing global concerns over antibiotic effectiveness. Thus it has become imperative to develop new bactericidal materials. The biomedical application of clay for treating wound abscesses, dyspepsia and joint inflammation has long been known, yet in-depth analysis of its antibacterial mechanisms has only been possible with the advancement of modern analytical methods. In the last decade, clays collected worldwide are shown to have broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, and such activity is closely associated with metal toxicity, structural Fe(II), surface charge and reactive oxygen species (ROS, generated by oxygen exposure) in clays. Besides, clay materials can be used as effective drug carrier for preparing antibacterial nanocomposite to enhance the physical property and activity of bactericidal agents. This article summarizes the recent studies on antibacterial activities and bactericidal processes and mechanisms of naturally reduced iron-containing clays, discusses the shared characteristics among clays with distinct antibacterial capabilities, and briefly describes the bactericidal activities of nanocomposites based on clays as carriers, aiming to address the current challenges and future development of antibacterial clays.

Key words: clay minerals, antibacterial activities, bactericidal mechanisms, medical development

中图分类号:

P579
R915

郭东毅, 夏庆银, 董海良, 王曦, 曾强, 赵玉. 杀菌黏土矿物的研究进展与前景展望[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(1): 470-485.

GUO Dongyi, XIA Qingyin, DONG Hailiang, WANG Xi, ZENG Qiang, ZHAO Yu. Antibacterial clay minerals: Research advances and outlook[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(1): 470-485.

图/表 8

参考文献 95

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技术手段/仪器	目的	参考文献
X射线衍射光谱(XRD)	矿物物相鉴定	[32-33]
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)	形貌观察与化学成分分析	[19]
透射电子显微镜(TEM)	精细、细微结构观察与成分分析	[3]
傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)	化合键鉴定	[33]
热重分析(TGA)	热稳定性分析	[34]
Zeta电位分析仪	表面电性表征	[3,18]
电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)	溶解金属定量测定	[1]
比表面积分析仪(BET)	矿物比表面积测定	[35]
乙二醇二醚吸附法(EGME)	矿物比表面积测定	[35]

技术手段/仪器	目的	参考文献
X射线衍射光谱(XRD)	矿物物相鉴定	[32-33]
扫描电子显微镜(SEM)	形貌观察与化学成分分析	[19]
透射电子显微镜(TEM)	精细、细微结构观察与成分分析	[3]
傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)	化合键鉴定	[33]
热重分析(TGA)	热稳定性分析	[34]
Zeta电位分析仪	表面电性表征	[3,18]
电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)	溶解金属定量测定	[1]
比表面积分析仪(BET)	矿物比表面积测定	[35]
乙二醇二醚吸附法(EGME)	矿物比表面积测定	[35]

黏土名称	黏土质量浓度^*/ (mg·mL^-1)	菌株										参考文献
		革兰氏阴性菌						革兰氏阳性菌
		大肠杆菌 (E.coli)	EBSL 大肠杆菌 (EBSL E.coli)	铜绿假单胞菌 (P.aeru ginosa)	沙门氏菌 (Sal monella)	肺炎克雷伯菌 (K.pneu monia)	鲍曼不动杆菌 (A.bau mannii)	金黄色葡萄球菌 (S. aureus)	耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA)	溃疡分枝杆菌 (M. ulcerans)	李斯特菌 (Listeria)
ARG	500	+++	+++	+++	+++			++	++	++		[1,3,12,14]
OMT	100	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++				[1,3,38]
Walker	200	+++	+++	+++	+++			++				[3]
AMZ	80	+++										[13]
Kisameet	10			+++		+++	+++	+++				[39-40]
CB07	100	+++	+++	+++	+++			++	++	+++		[41-42]
SAP	42	+		+	+			—	—		—	[43]

黏土名称	黏土质量浓度^*/ (mg·mL^-1)	菌株										参考文献
		革兰氏阴性菌						革兰氏阳性菌
		大肠杆菌 (E.coli)	EBSL 大肠杆菌 (EBSL E.coli)	铜绿假单胞菌 (P.aeru ginosa)	沙门氏菌 (Sal monella)	肺炎克雷伯菌 (K.pneu monia)	鲍曼不动杆菌 (A.bau mannii)	金黄色葡萄球菌 (S. aureus)	耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 (MRSA)	溃疡分枝杆菌 (M. ulcerans)	李斯特菌 (Listeria)
ARG	500	+++	+++	+++	+++			++	++	++		[1,3,12,14]
OMT	100	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++	+++				[1,3,38]
Walker	200	+++	+++	+++	+++			++				[3]
AMZ	80	+++										[13]
Kisameet	10			+++		+++	+++	+++				[39-40]
CB07	100	+++	+++	+++	+++			++	++	+++		[41-42]
SAP	42	+		+	+			—	—		—	[43]

黏土名称	黏土组分
黏土名称	伊利石- 蒙脱石	蒙脱石族^*	伊利石	高岭石	埃洛石	云母^**	绿泥石	非黏土组分总和	石英	黄铁矿	石膏	角闪石	其他	非黏土组分总和
ARG	24.5	32.6	15.6			3.3		76	2.7				12	14.7
OMT	49.6						3.1	52.7	38.3	8.2	0.9		0.5	47.9
AMZ	30		0.6	34.5	15.4	6.9		81.9	16.6			0.4		17
CB^***	36~ 37	9.7~ 14.2		1.4~3.6				47.1~ 54.8	34~ 37.2	4~ 5.5			2.5~ 12.9	40.5~ 55.6
Walker		45	17.2					62.2	11.1		1.8	8.7	17	38.6
Kisameet		11.3		2.4		16.6	6	36.3	6.2	0.7	2	5.9	44.7	59.5