宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.2.8

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

宿州矿区由于长期煤炭开采,不仅形成了浅层地下水降落漏斗,而且造成了不同程度的地下水污染,其污染现状及主要形成原因尚不清楚。为此,本文利用研究区水土污染调查获取的21个地下水样品的 $NO 3 -$ 等13项污染指标开展地下水污染源解析工作。在采用改进内梅罗综合污染指数法对研究区浅层地下水环境质量进行评价的基础上,利用因子分析和反距离权重插值方法对研究区浅层地下水进行污染源及空间分布特征解析。研究结果表明:(1)研究区浅层地下水受到了重度污染,以Ⅳ类水为主,污染较严重的指标为 $NO 3 -$ 、Mn、Fe和F^-。(2)研究区浅层地下水主要包括4个污染源:原生地质环境(F1),其高值区分布在桃园煤矿及其周边;矿坑排水和矸石山淋溶作用下形成的矿业废水(F2),其在桃园和钱营孜煤矿及其周边地区污染较为严重,其余矿区也存在一定程度的矿业废水污染;由生活垃圾、人畜排泄物造成的农村污水(F3),其污染地区主要为朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿一带; 由化肥施用引起的农业污染(F4), 其高值区集中在朱仙庄煤矿及其周边区域。地下水水质的主要影响因素是浅层地下水原生地质环境和矿业废水,其中约有51.040%的污染来源于原生地质环境及煤矿矿业污染的混合污染,约有11.841%的污染来自煤矿矿业废水,其余污染主要来源于农村生活和生产污水以及农业面源污染。(3)研究区浅层地下水主要污染区域为桃园和钱营孜煤矿一带,祁南和祁东煤矿污染相对较轻,朱仙庄和芦岭煤矿水质较好。(4)建议对矿区地下水主要污染源及污染途径进行综合防治:加强矿坑排水口的污水达标排放监管力度;煤矿企业采用生产建筑材料等方法提高矸石的综合利用率;进一步加强与矿区污水、垃圾填埋处理等相关的基础设施建设。

关键词: 宿州矿区, 浅层地下水, 因子分析, 污染源解析, 污染评价

Abstract:

Long-term coal mining in the Suzhou mining area not only led to the formation of shallow groundwater drop funnel but also caused groundwater pollution to varying degrees. In this study, in order to find out the current situation and main causes of pollution, 13 pollution indicators such as $NO 3 -$ were analyzed for 21 groundwater samples obtained from the water and soil pollution survey in the study area. Based on the quality evaluation by the improved Nemero pollution index method, factor analysis and IDW interpolation method were used to analyze the pollution source and its groundwater spatial distribution characteristics. The results show: (1) The shallow groundwater water in the whole study area was heavily polluted to mainly Class IV water and the main pollution indicators were $NO 3 -$ , Mn, Fe and F^-. (2) Polluted shallow groundwater were mainly from 4 pollution sources. The first one is the origin’s geological environment (F1), with the high-value areas distributed in the Taoyuan coal mines and surrounding areas. The second one is mining wastewater formed by mine-pit drainage and leaching of Gangue Hill (F2), which caused serious pollution in the Taoyuan and Qianyingzi coal mines as well as some pollutions in other mining areas. The third pollution source is rural sewage (F3) caused by domestic waste and human and animal excreta, which mainly contaminated the areas of Zhuxianzhuang and Luling coal mines. The fourth pollution source is agricultural pollution (F4) caused by fertilizer application, with the high-value areas concentrated in the Zhuxianzhuang coal mine and surrounding areas. The main factors affecting the shallow groundwater quality in the study area were the primary geological environment of shallow groundwater and mining wastewater. About 51.04% of pollution were from a mix of the two sources, about 11.84% from coal mining wastewater alone, and the rest mainly from rural living and production sewage and agricultural non-point source. (3) The major polluted areas were Taoyuan and Qianyingzi coal mines while the pollution in Qinan and Qidong coal mines was relatively light, and the water quality in the Zhuxianzhuang and Luling coal mines was better. (4) It is suggested to comprehensively control the main sources of groundwater pollution by strengthening supervision and control of mine drainage outlet discharge up to the standard. Also coal mining enterprises can improve the overall utilization of gangue by means of making building materials, etc. Furthermore, construction of infrastructures such as sewage and landfill treatment facilities in mining areas should be strengthened.

Key words: Suzhou mining area, shallow groundwater, factor analysis, pollution source apportionment, pollution evaluation

中图分类号:

X523

赵卫东, 赵芦, 龚建师, 周文怡, 钱家忠. 宿州矿区浅层地下水污染评价及源解析[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 1-14.

ZHAO Weidong, ZHAO Lu, GONG Jianshi, ZHOU Wenyi, QIAN Jiazhong. Pollution assessment and source apportionment of shallow groundwater in Suzhou mining area, China[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 1-14.

图/表 13

图1 研究区采样点分布

Fig.1 Distribution of sampling sites in the study area

表1 浅层地下水主要指标统计

Table 1 Statistics of main indicators of shallow groundwater

参数	各参数的相关指标值				各参数的变异系数
参数	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准差	各参数的变异系数
pH	9	7.13	7.96	0.46	0.06
组分质量浓度
TDS	1 750	272	750.95	421.67	0.56
TH	459	171	318.48	80.09	0.25
F^-	2.59	0.36	1.37	0.53	0.38
N $O 3 -$	19.80	0	2.88	4.21	1.46
N $H 4 +$	0.97	0.04	0.36	0.25	0.71
Na⁺	430	39.8	159.10	108.56	0.68
Ca²⁺	115	33.4	62.42	23.39	0.37
Cl^-	287	35.5	120.56	82.22	0.68
S $O 4 2 -$	620	15.1	189.05	184.61	0.98
Mn	0.21	0.000 1	0.03	0.05	1.63
COD	8.24	7.22	7.94	0.26	0.03
Fe	0.32	0.001	0.08	0.10	1.19

表1 浅层地下水主要指标统计

Table 1 Statistics of main indicators of shallow groundwater

参数	各参数的相关指标值				各参数的变异系数
参数	最大值	最小值	平均值	标准差	各参数的变异系数
pH	9	7.13	7.96	0.46	0.06
组分质量浓度
TDS	1 750	272	750.95	421.67	0.56
TH	459	171	318.48	80.09	0.25
F^-	2.59	0.36	1.37	0.53	0.38
N $O 3 -$	19.80	0	2.88	4.21	1.46
N $H 4 +$	0.97	0.04	0.36	0.25	0.71
Na⁺	430	39.8	159.10	108.56	0.68
Ca²⁺	115	33.4	62.42	23.39	0.37
Cl^-	287	35.5	120.56	82.22	0.68
S $O 4 2 -$	620	15.1	189.05	184.61	0.98
Mn	0.21	0.000 1	0.03	0.05	1.63
COD	8.24	7.22	7.94	0.26	0.03
Fe	0.32	0.001	0.08	0.10	1.19

表2 各评价指标的权重值

Table 2 Weight of each evaluation indicator

评价指标	权重值W_i	评价指标	权重值W_i
TDS	0.000 1	F^-	0.056 4
Na⁺	0.000 3	Fe	0.208 0
$SO 4 2 -$	0.000 2	Mn	0.563 9
Cl^-	0.000 2	COD	0.018 8
TH	0.000 1	$NO 3 -$	0.112 8
Ca²⁺	0.000 4	$NH 4 +$	0.038 8

表2 各评价指标的权重值

Table 2 Weight of each evaluation indicator

评价指标	权重值W_i	评价指标	权重值W_i
TDS	0.000 1	F^-	0.056 4
Na⁺	0.000 3	Fe	0.208 0
$SO 4 2 -$	0.000 2	Mn	0.563 9
Cl^-	0.000 2	COD	0.018 8
TH	0.000 1	$NO 3 -$	0.112 8
Ca²⁺	0.000 4	$NH 4 +$	0.038 8

表3 改进内梅罗污染指数评价标准分级(据文献[21])

Table 3 Classification of improved Nemero pollution indexevaluation standards. Adapted from [21].

污染指数	各等级污染指数的范围
污染指数	优良(Ⅰ)	良好(Ⅱ)	较好(Ⅲ)	较差(Ⅳ)	极差(Ⅴ)
N	N<0.59	0.59≤N<0.75	0.75≤N<1	1≤N<3.96	N≥3.96

表4 地下水污染评价结果

Table 4 Assessment results of groundwater pollution

采样点	综合污染指数	污染等级	采样点	综合污染指数	污染等级
S101	0.99	Ⅲ	S112	1.15	Ⅳ
S102	1.04	Ⅳ	S113	1.23	Ⅳ
S103	1.06	Ⅳ	S114	1.50	Ⅳ
S104	0.96	Ⅲ	S115	1.10	Ⅳ
S105	1.63	Ⅳ	S116	1.33	Ⅳ
S106	1.87	Ⅳ	S117	1.06	Ⅳ
S107	1.05	Ⅳ	S118	1.08	Ⅳ
S108	1.09	Ⅳ	S119	1.41	Ⅳ
S109	1.05	Ⅳ	S120	0.97	Ⅲ
S110	1.41	Ⅳ	S121	1.04	Ⅳ
S111	1.02	Ⅳ

表5 地下水污染因子解释的总方差

Table 5 Total variance of interpretation of groundwater pollution factor

公因子	初始特征值					提取平方和载入					旋转平方和载入
公因子	合计	方差/%		累积/%		合计	方差/%		累积/%		合计	方差/%		累积/%
F1	6.125		51.040		51.040	6.125		51.040		51.040	5.916		49.303		49.303
F2	1.421		11.841		62.880	1.421		11.841		62.880	1.521		12.673		61.976
F3	1.215		10.127		73.008	1.215		10.127		73.008	1.181		9.841		71.817
F4	1.018		8.480		81.488	1.018		8.480		81.488	1.161		9.671		81.488
F5	0.750		6.252		87.740
F6	0.595		4.957		92.696
F7	0.448		3.733		96.429
F8	0.278		2.314		98.744
F9	0.120		1.001		99.745
F10	0.017		0.144		99.889
F11	0.013		0.105		99.994

表6 旋转因子载荷矩阵

Table 6 Loading matrix of rotated factor

评价指标	各公因子载荷
评价指标	F1	F2	F3	F4
TDS	0.972	0.163	0.022	-0.012
Na⁺	0.946	0.149	0.048	-0.033
S $O 4 2 -$	0.946	0.195	-0.030	-0.045
Cl^-	0.933	0.297	0.019	-0.010
TH	0.893	0.139	-0.083	0.052
Ca²⁺	0.857	-0.010	0.044	0.098
F^-	-0.598	-0.277	0.479	0.048
Fe	0.195	0.831	-0.018	0.110
Mn	0.267	0.665	0.357	-0.151
COD	-0.215	0.257	0.808	-0.014
N $O 3 -$	0.217	-0.073	0.077	0.890
N $H 4 +$	0.465	-0.212	0.215	-0.562

表6 旋转因子载荷矩阵

Table 6 Loading matrix of rotated factor

评价指标	各公因子载荷
评价指标	F1	F2	F3	F4
TDS	0.972	0.163	0.022	-0.012
Na⁺	0.946	0.149	0.048	-0.033
S $O 4 2 -$	0.946	0.195	-0.030	-0.045
Cl^-	0.933	0.297	0.019	-0.010
TH	0.893	0.139	-0.083	0.052
Ca²⁺	0.857	-0.010	0.044	0.098
F^-	-0.598	-0.277	0.479	0.048
Fe	0.195	0.831	-0.018	0.110
Mn	0.267	0.665	0.357	-0.151
COD	-0.215	0.257	0.808	-0.014
N $O 3 -$	0.217	-0.073	0.077	0.890
N $H 4 +$	0.465	-0.212	0.215	-0.562

表7 相关系数矩阵

Table 7 Correlation coefficient matrix

指标	各指标间相关系数
指标	TDS	TH	Mn	Fe
TDS	1.000
TH	0.865	1.000
Mn	-0.205	-0.020	1.000
Fe	0.202	0.199	0.411	1.000

图2 公因子F1的IDW插值分布图

Fig.2 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F1

图3 公因子F2的IDW插值分布图

Fig.3 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F2

图4 公因子F3的IDW插值分布图

Fig.4 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F3

图5 公因子F4的IDW插值分布图

Fig.5 IDW interpolation distribution map of common factor F4

图6 综合污染因子IDW插值分布图

Fig.6 IDW interpolation distribution map of comprehensive factor

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