高速远程滑坡的地貌学与沉积学研究进展

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.2

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文总结了当前有关高速远程滑坡远程机制的研究现状,探讨了滑坡地貌学和沉积学对于揭示高速远程滑坡运动学机理的重要意义。通过梳理前人关于高速远程滑坡堆积形态的分类,分析了高速远程滑坡主要的形态学特征、蕴含的运动学信息以及高速远程滑坡的脱落块体、丘体、脊结构、断层等的地貌结构特征,并进一步指出这些地貌结构的形成主要是滑坡体物质不均匀运动的结果,其受地形和内聚力的影响。高速远程滑坡的沉积学特征明显受到岩性、地形和基底等因素的影响,本文对高速远程滑坡的沉积相模式及其运动学意义进行了分析,并对地层不变性与反序结构两个重要堆积特征进行了讨论。最后,指出高速远程滑坡地貌学与沉积学研究当前主要存在的一些问题,建议将大型物理模拟与数值模拟方法相结合,加强对高速远程滑坡地貌微形态和堆积结构的形成机制研究。

关键词: 高速远程滑坡, 地貌形态, 堆积结构, 运动学机理

Abstract:

Rapid and long runout landslides, characterized by huge volume, long travel distance and high speed, threaten the personal and property safety for people living in mountainous areas and piedmont plains. The movement process of this type of landslide is difficult to observe or record directly because it occurs quickly—often at high altitude—and always generates a lot of dust. Therefore, the morphology and sedimentary features of long runout landslide deposits become important evidence for inverting the movement process and helping us understand the kinematic and dynamic characteristics of these hazardous events, which are important for disaster prevention and reduction. This paper reviews the hypothesized long runout mechanism, and discusses the significance of geomorphology and sedimentology in this field. The classification of plan view shape and profile of the long runout landslide deposits are associated with the kinematic information presented in this paper. The characteristics and causes of the geomorphic features (toreva block, hummock, ridge, fault) are also discussed and analyzed. These features are resulted from the uneven movement of the landslide material, and such movement is not only related to the terrain but also affected by cohesive force. The sedimentological characteristics of rapid and long runout landslides are obviously affected by lithology, topography, substrates, etc. In view of the literature on sedimentary structures, the facies model (carapace facies, body facies, basal facies, some sub-facies), preserved stratigraphic sequence and inverse grading of long runout landslides are discussed. Finally, this paper analyzes some research problems on the geomorphology and sedimentology of long runout landslides. It proposes that the priority should be given to investigating the formation mechanism of the sedimentary and geomorphic features of these landslides through a combination of analogue modeling and numerical stimulation, helping to clear the current controversies and improving the understanding of the kinematics of rapid and long runout landslides.

Key words: long runout landslide, morphology, sedimentary structures, kinematic mechanism

中图分类号:

P642.22
P694

陈剑, 陈瑞琛, 崔之久. 高速远程滑坡的地貌学与沉积学研究进展[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(4): 349-360.

CHEN Jian, CHEN Ruichen, CUI Zhijiu. Research progress on the morphology and sedimentology of long runout landslides[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(4): 349-360.

图/表 9

图1 四种高速远程滑坡堆积的平面展开形态(据文献[53]修改) a—扇形;b—单叶型;c—舌形;d—不规则形。

Fig.1 Four types of plan view shapes of rapid and long runout landslide deposits. Modified after [53].

图2 根据初始地形对高速远程滑坡平面形态的分类(据文献[56]修改) a—沟谷型;b—开阔地形型;c—山体阻挡型。

Fig.2 Classification of plan view shapes of rapid and long runout landslides based on the initial topography. Modified after [56].

图3 脱离块体(b据文献[67]修改) a—脱离块体结构示意图;b—墨西哥Jocotitlán火山型远程滑坡卫星影像图。

Fig.3 Toreva block (b modified after [67])

图4 丘状结构与脊结构(a据文献[43]修改;b据文献[73]修改) a—尼续滑坡(中国)中部纵向脊,远端丘状结构;b—Obernberg滑坡(奥地利)远端横向脊与丘状结构。

Fig.4 Hummocks and ridges (a modified after [43]; b modified after [73])

图5 丘体结构的演化(a据文献[74]修改;b据文献[55]修改) a—纵向脊分离假说;b—断层破坏假说。

Fig.5 Evolution of hummock structure (a modified after [74]; b modified after [55])

图6 高速远程滑坡中断层模式与分布特征(据文献[53]修改) a—滑坡中的正断层;b—滑坡中的逆断层;c—Socompa滑坡远端的断层分布。

Fig.6 Fault patterns and distribution characteristics of rapid and long runout landslides. Modified after [53].

图7 高速远程滑坡的地貌结构图

Fig.7 Geomorphic anatomy of a rapid and long runout landslide

图8 高速远程滑坡沉积相模式与沉积结构(a 据文献[46]修改; b 据文献[44]修改;c 据文献[16]修改; d 据文献[46]修改; e 据文献[86]修改; f 据文献[46]修改) a—沉积相模式; b—尼续滑坡剖面分层; c—乱石包滑坡滑体相中拼图结构;d—Tschirgant滑坡滑体相中剪切带;e—Perrier火山型滑坡使下伏层形成褶皱;f—Tschirgant滑坡基底相中的混合带、火焰状构造。

Fig.8 Sedimentary facies model and sedimentary features of rapid and long runout landslides (a modified after [46];b modified after [44]; c modified after [16]; d modified after [46]; e modified after [86]; f modified after [46])

图9 地层不变性的两种模式

Fig.9 Two modes of stratigraphic sequence preservation

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