地热水氢氧同位素控制因素识别与定量计算:以青海贵德盆地为例

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.8

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (1): 420-427.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.7.8

地热水氢氧同位素控制因素识别与定量计算:以青海贵德盆地为例

戴蔓¹(), 蒋小伟¹^,^*(), 罗银飞²^,³^,⁴, 张鸿¹, 雷玉德²^,³^,⁴, 童珏²^,³^,⁴

1. 中国地质大学(北京) 水资源与环境学院, 北京 100083
2. 青海九○六工程勘察设计院, 青海西宁 810008
3. 青海省环境地质勘查局, 青海西宁 810008
4. 青海省环境地质重点实验室, 青海西宁 810008

收稿日期:2020-03-29 修回日期:2020-04-27 出版日期:2021-01-25 发布日期:2021-01-28
通讯作者: 蒋小伟
作者简介:戴蔓(1995—),男,硕士,主要从事地热水化学方面研究。E-mail: dw@cugb.edu.cn
基金资助:
青海省科技厅应用基础研究计划项目(2019-ZJ-7062);霍英东教育基金会基础性研究课题(141015)

Identification and quantification of factors controlling hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of geothermal water: An example from the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province

DAI Wan¹(), JIANG Xiaowei¹^,^*(), LUO Yinfei²^,³^,⁴, ZHANG Hong¹, LEI Yude²^,³^,⁴, TONG Jue²^,³^,⁴

1. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Qinghai 906 Engineering Survey and Design Institute, Xining 810008, China
3. Qinghai Bureau of Environmental Geology Exploration, Xining 810008, China
4. Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Geology, Xining 810008, China

Received:2020-03-29 Revised:2020-04-27 Online:2021-01-25 Published:2021-01-28
Contact: JIANG Xiaowei

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氢氧同位素在地热水研究中得到了广泛应用,但由于影响因素较多,对地热水氢氧同位素组成的控制过程通常缺少全面认识。本文以贵德盆地周边两条断裂带上五处温泉为例,通过对比不同地热水之间的水化学差异和热储温度差异,建立了不同地热水的水岩反应程度与氢氧同位素是否偏离大气降水线的关系。在前人识别并定量出扎仓寺地热水存在冷水混合作用的基础上,借助冷水混合比例估算了冷水混合和水汽分离引起的氢氧同位素的变化幅度,在此基础上通过“氧漂移”规律恢复了扎仓寺地热水在发生水岩反应前的氢氧同位素组成。本文关于三个过程对氢氧同位素影响程度的计算方法可以用于分析其他地区地热水的氢氧同位素成因,从而加深对地热水循环过程的认识。

关键词: 水化学特征, 氢氧同位素, 水岩反应, 水汽分离, 扎仓寺

Abstract:

Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes have been widely used in the study of geothermal fluid. However, due to the influences of multiple factors, the understanding of the processes controlling the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of geothermal water is often incomplete. Here, we conducted a case study on the geothermal water from the two faults along the margin of the Guide Basin. We collected water samples from five hot spring sites and compared the differences in hydrochemical components and geothermal reservoir temperatures of these samples. We found an approximate relationship between the degree of water-rock interaction and whether the sample deviates from the rainfall line. At the intensively studied Zhacangsi site, previous researchers have quantified the effect of cold water mixing in thermal water and determined the cold water mixing ratio. Based on this ratio, we estimated the magnitude of change in hydrogen and oxygen isotopes caused by cold water mixing and liquid-vapor separation. We also established the isotopic compositions of the geothermal water before water-rock interaction based on the effect of the interaction on the “oxygen shift”. The results were consistent with the isotopic compositions of geothermal water from sites with low degrees of water-rock interaction. The methods proposed in the current study can be applied to analyzing hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in other geothermal fields to enrich our understanding of the circulation process of geothermal fluid.

Key words: hydrogeochemical characteristics, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, water-rock interaction, liquid-vapor separation, Zhacangsi

中图分类号:

P641.3

戴蔓, 蒋小伟, 罗银飞, 张鸿, 雷玉德, 童珏. 地热水氢氧同位素控制因素识别与定量计算:以青海贵德盆地为例[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(1): 420-427.

DAI Wan, JIANG Xiaowei, LUO Yinfei, ZHANG Hong, LEI Yude, TONG Jue. Identification and quantification of factors controlling hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of geothermal water: An example from the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(1): 420-427.

图/表 9

图1 研究区地理位置及地热水、冷水取样位置图

Fig.1 Geographical location of the study area and sampling sites of cold and geothermal waters

表1 贵德盆地地热水和冷水的水化学和氢氧同位素测试数据

Table 1 Measurements of hydrochemical components and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for thermal and cold water samples from the Guide Basin

类型	编号	地名	类别	井深/ m	pH	温度/ ℃	阴阳离子平衡误差/%	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)										δ¹⁸O/ ‰	δD/ ‰
类型	编号	地名	类别	井深/ m	pH	温度/ ℃	阴阳离子平衡误差/%	C1^-	S $O 4 2 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	TDS	SiO₂	δ¹⁸O/ ‰	δD/ ‰
地热水	HS1-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	温泉		8.1	>93.0	8.70	1 079.9	205.2	0.0	111.0	632.0	48.3	0.2	38.7	2 059.9	182.1	-9.7	-79
	HS2-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	温泉		8.3	54.0	3.15	916.3	222.2	6.4	91.4	621.0	48.0	0.5	38.3	1 898.8	169.5	-9.1	-78
	HS1-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	温泉		8.1	81.9	1.86	464.7	465.4	0.0	65.3	430.0	17.6	0.6	75.8	1 487.8	102.4	-9.7	-81
	HW1-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	地热井	110	8.4	>93.0	0.85	471.0	440.7	19.3	26.1	443.0	20.0	0.4	66.3	1 473.7	119.5	-10.2	-82
	HW2-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	地热井	100	8.6	52.7	1.11	448.7	469.0	19.3	26.1	441.0	19.7	0.2	65.4	1 476.6	100.2	-10.2	-83
	HS-XJ	贵德县新街	温泉		8.5	74.0	1.81	28.4	235.4	12.0	109.8	156.0	5.5	2.4	10.0	504.6	68.9	-12.8	-94
	HS-LC	同仁县兰采	温泉		8.7	87.0	0.74	42.5	148.9	30.0	73.2	138.0	4.0	0.5	5.2	405.8	110.7	-12.3	-90
	HS-XBS	同仁县西卜沙	温泉		8.8	46.6	1.06	31.9	158.5	18.0	48.8	118.0	2.0	0.5	5.2	360.7	65.5	-12.4	-89
冷水	R-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	河水		8.5	30.8	-0.19	60.4	44.6	0.0	261.2	63.2	4.6	21.4	45.8	372.5	9.9	-8.4	-59
	CS-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	冷泉		7.5	24.5	-4.77	351.2	207.5	0.0	417.9	345.0	5.2	47.7	81.4	1 247.2	14.6	-10.2	-74
	CS-ZCS^*	贵德县扎仓寺	冷泉		—	10.0	-1.50	96.3	494.9	-	219.7	272.2	—	34.4	48.6	1 172.0	—	-8.6	-59
	R-XJ	贵德县新街	河水		8.5	18.0	-5.86	4.7	12.3	6.4	169.8	13.7	1.3	5.8	53.9	183.7	7.8	-8.9	-57
	R-LC	同仁县兰采	河水		8.5	19.5	-2.90	5.8	11.4	12.8	150.2	6.1	1.4	6.3	53.2	173.1	11.2	-8.7	-59
	CS-LC	同仁县兰采	冷泉		8.2	23.4	-3.98	9.1	20.5	0.0	215.5	11.1	1.5	12.3	60.4	225.0	11.2	-9.4	-62
	R-XBS	同仁县西卜沙	河水		8.2	20.0	-9.55	5.7	14.4	0.0	189.4	7.8	1.8	12.1	58.5	196.1	7.0	-9.2	-61

表1 贵德盆地地热水和冷水的水化学和氢氧同位素测试数据

Table 1 Measurements of hydrochemical components and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for thermal and cold water samples from the Guide Basin

类型	编号	地名	类别	井深/ m	pH	温度/ ℃	阴阳离子平衡误差/%	ρ_B/(mg·L^-1)										δ¹⁸O/ ‰	δD/ ‰
类型	编号	地名	类别	井深/ m	pH	温度/ ℃	阴阳离子平衡误差/%	C1^-	S $O 4 2 -$	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	Na⁺	K⁺	Mg²⁺	Ca²⁺	TDS	SiO₂	δ¹⁸O/ ‰	δD/ ‰
地热水	HS1-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	温泉		8.1	>93.0	8.70	1 079.9	205.2	0.0	111.0	632.0	48.3	0.2	38.7	2 059.9	182.1	-9.7	-79
	HS2-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	温泉		8.3	54.0	3.15	916.3	222.2	6.4	91.4	621.0	48.0	0.5	38.3	1 898.8	169.5	-9.1	-78
	HS1-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	温泉		8.1	81.9	1.86	464.7	465.4	0.0	65.3	430.0	17.6	0.6	75.8	1 487.8	102.4	-9.7	-81
	HW1-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	地热井	110	8.4	>93.0	0.85	471.0	440.7	19.3	26.1	443.0	20.0	0.4	66.3	1 473.7	119.5	-10.2	-82
	HW2-ZCS	贵德县扎仓寺	地热井	100	8.6	52.7	1.11	448.7	469.0	19.3	26.1	441.0	19.7	0.2	65.4	1 476.6	100.2	-10.2	-83
	HS-XJ	贵德县新街	温泉		8.5	74.0	1.81	28.4	235.4	12.0	109.8	156.0	5.5	2.4	10.0	504.6	68.9	-12.8	-94
	HS-LC	同仁县兰采	温泉		8.7	87.0	0.74	42.5	148.9	30.0	73.2	138.0	4.0	0.5	5.2	405.8	110.7	-12.3	-90
	HS-XBS	同仁县西卜沙	温泉		8.8	46.6	1.06	31.9	158.5	18.0	48.8	118.0	2.0	0.5	5.2	360.7	65.5	-12.4	-89
冷水	R-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	河水		8.5	30.8	-0.19	60.4	44.6	0.0	261.2	63.2	4.6	21.4	45.8	372.5	9.9	-8.4	-59
	CS-QNH	贵德县曲乃亥	冷泉		7.5	24.5	-4.77	351.2	207.5	0.0	417.9	345.0	5.2	47.7	81.4	1 247.2	14.6	-10.2	-74
	CS-ZCS^*	贵德县扎仓寺	冷泉		—	10.0	-1.50	96.3	494.9	-	219.7	272.2	—	34.4	48.6	1 172.0	—	-8.6	-59
	R-XJ	贵德县新街	河水		8.5	18.0	-5.86	4.7	12.3	6.4	169.8	13.7	1.3	5.8	53.9	183.7	7.8	-8.9	-57
	R-LC	同仁县兰采	河水		8.5	19.5	-2.90	5.8	11.4	12.8	150.2	6.1	1.4	6.3	53.2	173.1	11.2	-8.7	-59
	CS-LC	同仁县兰采	冷泉		8.2	23.4	-3.98	9.1	20.5	0.0	215.5	11.1	1.5	12.3	60.4	225.0	11.2	-9.4	-62
	R-XBS	同仁县西卜沙	河水		8.2	20.0	-9.55	5.7	14.4	0.0	189.4	7.8	1.8	12.1	58.5	196.1	7.0	-9.2	-61

表2 五处温泉的石英饱和指数和热储温度

Table 2 Quartz saturation indices and geothermal reservoir temperatures of the five studied hot springs

地点	饱和指数	石英温标/℃	钻孔温度/℃
西卜沙	0.40	115
新街	0.19	118
兰采	0.20	143
扎仓寺	0.24	147	150
曲乃亥	0.46	174

图2 地热水和冷水的Piper图

Fig.2 Piper diagram of geothermal and cold waters

图3 地热水Na/Cl与Cl-含量(a)和Na/Cl与热储温度(b)关系图

Fig.3 Relationship between Na/Cl ratio and Cl- content (a) or geothermal reservoir temperature (b) of geothermal water

图4 地热水Na-K-Mg三角图

Fig.4 The Na-K-Mg triangle diagram of geothermal water

图5 地热水和冷水的氢氧同位素关系图

Fig.5 Relationship between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of geothermal and cold waters

表3 扎仓寺地热水氢氧同位素计算结果

Table 3 Results of calculated hydrogen and oxygen isotopic compositions of geothermal water in Zhacangsi

编号	实测数据		水汽分离前(冷水混合后)		冷水混合前(水岩反应后)		水岩反应(初始)
编号	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰	δD/‰	δ¹⁸O/‰
HS1-ZCS	-81	-9.7	-81.8	-9.82	-92.5	-10.39	-92.5	-12.66
HW1-ZCS	-82	-10.2	-82.2	-10.25	-93.1	-11.02	-93.1	-12.73
HW2-ZCS	-83	-10.2	-83.2	-10.27	-94.6	-11.06	-94.6	-12.90

图6 扎仓寺氢氧同位素偏移过程示意图

Fig.6 Schematic diagram showing the migration processes of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in Zhacangsi

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地热水氢氧同位素控制因素识别与定量计算:以青海贵德盆地为例

Identification and quantification of factors controlling hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of geothermal water: An example from the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province

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