雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.20

地学前缘 ›› 2022, Vol. 29 ›› Issue (5): 73-87.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.9.20

雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究

郑成¹(), 孙承君²^,³, 金红⁴, 黄玉环¹, 岳新安¹, 杨桂朋¹^,², 丁海兵¹^,²^,^*()

1.中国海洋大学深海圈层与地球系统前沿科学中心海洋化学理论与工程技术教育部重点实验室和化学化工学院, 山东青岛 266100
2.青岛海洋科学与技术试点国家实验室海洋生态与环境科学功能实验室, 山东青岛 266235
3.自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋生物资源与环境研究中心, 山东青岛 266061
4.青岛市环境监测站, 山东青岛 266003

收稿日期:2020-07-05 修回日期:2020-12-01 出版日期:2022-09-25 发布日期:2022-08-24
通信作者: 丁海兵
作者简介:郑成(1994—),男,硕士研究生,无机化学专业。E-mail: ouczhengcheng@foxmail.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFA0601302);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973);国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(2015CB755904);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(201762030)

Compositions, sources and formation processes of abyssal and hadal sediments in the northern Yap Trench

ZHENG Cheng¹(), SUN Chengjun²^,³, JIN Hong⁴, HUANG Yuhuan¹, YUE Xin'an¹, YANG Guipeng¹^,², DING Haibing¹^,²^,^*()

1. Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earch System, Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry and Technology, Minstry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
2. Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266235, China
3. Marine Biological Resource and Environmental Research Center, the First Institute of Oceanography, Minstry of Natural Resource of People's Republic of China, Qingdao 266061, China
4. Qingdao Enivronmental Monitoring Center, Qingdao, 266003, China

Received:2020-07-05 Revised:2020-12-01 Online:2022-09-25 Published:2022-08-24
Contact: DING Haibing

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物的组成、来源和形成特征,以1 cm分层对采自该海域不同深度的五根柱状沉积物样品的0~8 cm沉积层进行了扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察和X射线能谱(EDS)分析,并且分析了这些样品的含水率,锰结核含量, Al、Ca、Fe、Mn、Ti、Mg等6种常量金属和Ba、Co、Cr、Ni、Pb、Sr、V、Cu、Zn等9种微量金属元素含量,以及总有机碳(TOC)含量等参数。结果表明,研究区域沉积物主要为深海软泥沉积,是不同年代沉积物的复杂混合,包含以盘星石为代表的颗石藻、海绵骨针、放射虫和硅藻等多种微体古生物化石以及辉石、重晶石、钛铁矿、长石等多种矿物。沉积组分主要来自生物源、火山源、陆源和海底热液,其中陆源沉积出现于海沟东侧深渊区。海沟西侧崖壁的沉积物比东侧崖壁的沉积物更容易发育锰结核。研究区域沉积物含水率较高并且颗粒较大,其含水率随深度增加呈减少趋势。研究区域超深渊站位沉积物的TOC和微体古生物化石含量均高于深渊站位,存在明显的漏斗效应。整体上海沟西侧崖壁沉积物含水率和TOC含量低于东侧崖壁的沉积物。自更新世以来,雅浦海沟北部的碳酸钙补偿深度(CCD)线从4 568 m以深变为4 435 m至4 568 m之间。研究区域的沉积环境为氧化环境,其0~8 cm沉积层的古老沉积物与现代沉积物发生了混合和再沉积作用,形成年代跨度极大。研究区域沉积物的形成受到海沟坡度、水动力环境、重力滑塌、浊流沉积、火山活动、漏斗效应等多种因素的显著影响。

关键词: 雅浦海沟, 深渊沉积物, 超深渊沉积物, 总有机碳, 碳酸钙补偿深度

Abstract:

To investigate the sediment compositions, sources, and formation processes in the abyss and hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench, scan electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray energy spectroscopy (EDS) were used to analyze in 1 cm interval of the 0-8 cm sediment layer of five core samples collected at different depths. The compositional analysis included water content, manganese nodule content, concentrations of six major metal elements (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn, Ti, Mg) and nine trace metal elements (Ba, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Cu, Zn), and total organic carbon (TOC). According to the analysis results, sediments in the study area are mainly deep-sea ooze, a complex mixture of sediments from different eras. They contain microfossils produced by coccolithophores, such as Discoaster, sponge spicules, radiolarians, and diatoms, and various minerals, including pyroxene, barite, ilmenite, and feldspar. The sediment sources are complex, including mainly biological, volcanic and terrestrial (found in the abyss on the west side of the trench) sources as well as submarine hydrothermal fluids. Manganese nodules develop more easily in sediments off the cliffs on the west side of the trench than on the east side. The abyssal and hadal sediments in the northern Yap Trench have relatively high water content and large particle size, and the water content tends to decrease with depth. The sediment TOC content and microfossil abundance are higher in hadal than in abyssal sediments, indicating obvious funnel effect. As a whole, the water and TOC content of the sediments are lower on the west side of the trench than on the east side. The carbonate compensation depth in the northern Yap Trench ranges between 4435-4568 m, changing from below 4568 m since the Pleistocene. The sedimentary environment in the study area is oxic, where mixing and redeposition of ancient and modern sediments occur in the 0-8 cm sediment layer, causing the formation age to vary greatly. Factors influencing sediment formation include trench slope, hydrodynamic environment, gravitational collapse, turbidity current deposition, volcanic activity, and funnel effect.

Key words: Yap Trench, abyssal sediment, hadal sediment, total organic carbon, carbonate compensation depth

中图分类号:

郑成, 孙承君, 金红, 黄玉环, 岳新安, 杨桂朋, 丁海兵. 雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2022, 29(5): 73-87.

ZHENG Cheng, SUN Chengjun, JIN Hong, HUANG Yuhuan, YUE Xin'an, YANG Guipeng, DING Haibing. Compositions, sources and formation processes of abyssal and hadal sediments in the northern Yap Trench[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2022, 29(5): 73-87.

图/表 11

图1 雅浦海沟北部研究区域和沉积物采样站位图

Fig.1 Location of the study area and sediment sampling stations in the northern Yap Trench

表1 采样站位经纬度和深度

Table 1 Latitude, longitude and water depths of the sampling stations

站位	经度/°E	纬度/°N	采样深度/m	沉积物柱长度/cm	在海沟中的位置	水深区域
D109	138.386 2	9.898 7	4 435	8	西侧崖壁	深渊
D111	138.515 7	9.867 7	6 779	7	西侧崖壁	超深渊
S01	138.681 0	9.661 2	5 058	8	东侧崖壁	深渊
D113	138.656 8	9.865 5	6 578	8	东侧崖壁	超深渊
S02	138.820 8	9.645 0	4 568	8	东侧崖壁	深渊

图2 各站位沉积物TOC含量,含水率和锰结核含量垂直变化图(其中S02和D113的数据来自文献[13],D111站位的数据来自文献[14]) wTOC—总有机碳含量; w H 2 O—含水率;wMn—锰结核含量。

Fig.2 Vertical variations of the concentration of TOC, water percentage and manganese nodule content in the sediment samples from different stations(the data of S02 and D113 station obtained from [13], the data of D111 station obtained from [14])

图3 雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物中的一些典型矿物的SEM照片 a—辉石;b—重晶石;c—钛铁矿;d—长石。

Fig.3 SEM pictures of some typical minerals found in the sediments from abyss and hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench

图4 雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物中的一些典型矿物的EDS谱图 a—辉石;b—重晶石;c—钛铁矿;d—长石。

Fig.4 EDS profiles of some typical minerals found in the sediments from abyss and hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench

表2 雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物中的一些典型的矿物

Table 2 Some typical minerals found in the sediments from abyss and hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench

沉积层深度/cm	D109	S02	S01	D113	D111
0~<1	钛铁矿	重晶石	长石
1~<2		方解石			钛铁矿
2~<3	纤维蛇纹石			钛铁矿
3~<4	钛铁矿		石英
4~<5
5~<6					纤维蛇纹石
6~<7		辉石	重晶石
7~8		纤维蛇纹石

图5 雅浦海沟北部深渊、超深渊沉积物中的几种典型微体生物化石 a,b—两种颗石藻;c—Ethmodiscus rex;d,e—两种放射虫;f—布劳沃盘星石藻。

Fig.5 Some typical microfossils found in the sediments from abyss and hadal zone of the northern Yap Trench

图6 雅浦海沟北部柱状沉积物主要元素含量垂直变化图(其中S02和D113站位的数据来自文献[13],D111站位的数据来自文献[14])

Fig.6 Vertical variations of concentrations of major elements in the core sediment from the northern Yap Trench (the data of S02 and D113 station obtained from [13], the data of D111 station obtained from [14])

图7 雅浦海沟北部柱状沉积物微量元素含量垂直变化图(其中S02和D113站位的数据来自文献[13],D111站位的数据来自文献[14])

Fig.7 Vertical variations of concentrations of trace elements in the core sediment from the northern Yap Trench (the data of S02 and D113 station obtained from [13], the data of D111 station obtained from [14])

图8 两个主因子F1(因子1)和F2(因子2)的相关图

Fig.8 Correlation diagram of two main factors F1 and F2

表3 雅浦海沟沉积物部分Fe/Al和Ti/Al比值表(其中S02和D113的数据来自[13],D111站位的数据来自[14])

Table 3 Comparisons of the values of Fe/Al and Ti/Al in the sediment samples (the data of S02 and D113 station obtained from [13], the data of D111 station obtained from [14])

站位			深度/cm
站位			0~<1		1~<2		2~<3		3~<4		4~<5		5~<6		6~<7		7~8
D109	Fe/Al	1.08		1.06		1.03		0.99		1.14		1.16		1.03		0.98
D109	Ti/Al	0.12		0.12		0.11		0.09		0.15		0.12		0.12		0.11
S01	Fe/Al	0.74		1.46		0.90		0.86		0.87		0.84		0.83		0.81
S01	Ti/Al	0.09		0.07		0.07		0.07		0.07		0.06		0.06		0.07
S02	Fe/Al	0.78		0.74		0.72		0.71		0.71		0.70		0.73		0.74
S02	Ti/Al	0.06		0.06		0.05		0.05		0.05		0.05		0.06		0.05
D113	Fe/Al	0.92		0.88		0.90		0.88		0.88		0.90		0.91		0.91
D113	Ti/Al	0.07		0.06		0.07		0.07		0.07		0.07		0.07		0.07
D111	Fe/Al	1.01		1.18		1.42		1.08		0.91		0.90		0.91
D111	Ti/Al	0.11		0.17		0.21		0.11		0.09		0.09		0.09

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雅浦海沟北部深渊和超深渊沉积物的物质组成、来源和形成过程研究

Compositions, sources and formation processes of abyssal and hadal sediments in the northern Yap Trench

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