地学前缘 ›› 2015, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (1): 9-20.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2015.01.002

• 盆地沉积充填动力学 • 上一篇    下一篇

地貌演化、源汇过程与盆地分析

林畅松，夏庆龙，施和生，周心怀   

  1. 1. 中国地质大学(北京) 海洋学院, 北京 100083
    2. 中国海洋石油(中国)有限公司天津分公司, 天津 300452
    3. 中国海洋石油(中国)有限公司深圳分公司, 广州 510240
  • 收稿日期:2014-07-26 修回日期:2014-08-09 出版日期:2015-01-15 发布日期:2015-01-15
  • 作者简介:林畅松(1958—)，男，教授，博士生导师，主要从事沉积地质和含能源沉积盆地的研究和教学工作。E-mail:Lincs@cugb.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:

    国家自然科学基金重点项目(41130422，91328201)；国家油气重大专项(2011ZX05023-002-004)

Geomorphological evolution, source to sink system and basin analysis

  • Received:2014-07-26 Revised:2014-08-09 Online:2015-01-15 Published:2015-01-15

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摘要：

地球表面的地貌演化和源汇系统的研究是当前地球科学领域颇为关注的重要课题。围绕这些课题的研究促进了多学科的广泛交叉和合作，对沉积盆地的深入研究和发展趋势产生了深刻的影响。盆地整体地貌的演化是盆地地球动力学背景演化的直接响应。盆地内的隆坳格局、古隆起古斜坡地貌、同沉积构造活动形成的构造古地貌等，是盆地古地貌研究的重要内容。从陆到洋的源汇系统由物源区、冲积滨海平原、浅海陆架、大陆斜坡及深海等多个区域性的地貌带所组成。物源的性质与母岩组成、构造及气候作用密切相关，揭示塑造山地地貌和产生物源的构造作用和气候变量是一项长期探索的课题。陆架斜坡至深海区是从陆到洋的源汇系统的最终沉积区，其研究长期受到高度关注。大型内陆湖盆存在的源汇系统，包括物源区、冲积平原、滨浅湖、最后为深湖的多级地貌单元。构造活动的内陆碎屑湖盆中以近且多方向物源、构造差异活动明显、汇水盆地小、沉积物类型对气候变化响应敏感等为特征。依据物源区、沟谷(水道)及沉积体系类型划分的源汇体系类型的研究，包括盆内古隆起形成的局部的源汇过程，对盆地的沉积充填过程和沉积分布具有重要意义。基于高分辨率三维地震数据的地震地貌或地震沉积学分析，为地下沉积体系的沉积地貌和沉积过程的研究提供了最重要的手段。

关键词: 盆地地貌, 隆坳格局, 构造古地貌, 陆洋源汇系统, 陆湖盆源汇系统, 地震沉积地貌

Abstract:

 Landscape evolution from mountain to basin and the source to sink system have become a hot topic in the earth science. The growing study field of these themes has been promoting the widely interdisciplinary research and cooperation among geology, geomorphology, atmospheric and oceanographic sciences. This has great influence on the development trend and insight of sedimentary basins. Geomorphologic evolution of an entire basin is the first response to the change of the basin dynamic setting. Distribution of uplift and depression belts, the geomorphology of uplifts and slopes and local geomorphology formed by syndepositional structures comprise the major subjects for analysis of basin geomorphology. Source to sink system from continent to ocean comprises a number of morphological segments including provenance, alluvial and coastal plain or catchment, shelf, slope and basin floor, with various erosional and depositional processes. Characteristics of sediment sources are mainly determined by source rock nature, tectonic setting and climatic condition. Revealing the interplay of tectonics and climate change reconstructing the mountain landscape and generating sediments is a long term task. The continental slope and deep marine basin are final segments in the source to sink system from land to ocean and the relevant studies have been highly regarded. The source to sink system from mountain to lacustrine basin comprises similar morphological segments including catchment (provenance), alluvialcoastal plain, shore and deep lake. The tectonically active terrigenous lacustrine basins are characterized by near and multiple source inputs, tectonic activities, relatively small catchment and various sediment types sensitive to climatic condition. Identification and classification of source to sink systems, including local source to sink systems related to paleouplifts within a basin, according to their source area, valley or channel geometry and depositional systems,are significant for the understanding of basin filling process and sedimentary facies distribution. Seismic geomorphology or sedimentology based on high resolution 3D seismic data provides an effective tool for study of subsurface depositional geomorphology and processes.

Key words: basin geomorphology, distribution of uplifts and depressions, paleostructural geomorphology, source to sink system from continent to ocean or lake, seismicdepositional geomorphology

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