右江盆地烂泥沟和林旺金矿床晚期热液成矿效应研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.yx.2025.1.28

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 127-147.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.yx.2025.1.28

• 战略矿产成因机制与金属富集 • 上一篇下一篇

右江盆地烂泥沟和林旺金矿床晚期热液成矿效应研究

何雁飞¹(), 杨再风¹, 陈军¹^,²^,^*(), 支太云³, 赵平⁴, 潘启权⁴, 谭泽东¹, 杜丽娟¹^,², 杨瑞东¹^,², 万大学⁴, 刘坤⁵

1.贵州大学资源与环境工程学院, 贵州贵阳 550025
2.贵州大学喀斯特地质资源与环境教育部重点实验室, 贵州贵阳 550025
3.中国黄金集团贵州有限公司, 贵州贵阳 550002
4.贵州省地质矿产勘查开发局一○五地质大队, 贵州贵阳 550018
5.贵州理工学院资源与环境工程学院, 贵州贵阳 550003

收稿日期:2024-07-24 修回日期:2025-05-14 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-01-29
通信作者: *陈军(1987—),男,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事低温热液矿床、地球化学研究。E-mail: chenjun@gzu.edu.cn
作者简介:何雁飞(2000—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为地质学。E-mail: 3582178330@qq.com
基金资助:
贵州省科技支撑计划(一般项目)项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般112);国家自然科学基金项目(42262105);贵州省地质勘查资金项目(2024-2号);贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合基础[2016]1404)

Late-stage hydrothermal mineralization in the Lannigou and Linwang gold deposits, Youjiang Basin

HE Yanfei¹(), YANG Zaifeng¹, CHEN Jun¹^,²^,^*(), ZHI Taiyun³, ZHAO Ping⁴, PAN Qiquan⁴, TAN Zedong¹, DU Lijuan¹^,², YANG Ruidong¹^,², WAN Daxue⁴, LIU Kun⁵

1. College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2. MOE Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
3. China National Gold Group, Guizhou Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550002, China
4. No.105 Geological Brigade, Guizhou Bureau of Geology, Mineral Exploration and Development, Guiyang 550018, China
5. College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China

Received:2024-07-24 Revised:2025-05-14 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2026-01-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

位于扬子地块西南缘的右江盆地是华南大面积低温成矿域的重要组成部分,盆地内发育大量的金、锑、汞和砷等热液型矿床,其中金具有典型卡林型金成矿特点。对于右江盆地内大多数卡林型金矿床而言,在成矿晚期呈现出强烈的金-锑-汞矿化,代表了卡林型热液成矿系统的晚期成矿效应,目前对于这些金矿床中金-锑-汞矿化过程及成矿机制研究尚不清楚,限制了对区域成矿规律的全面认识。林旺与烂泥沟金矿床是盆地相区典型的受断裂控制的卡林型金矿床,且二者具有相同的围岩-构造-蚀变特征,在成矿晚期普遍存在金-锑-汞矿化。岩相学研究显示,成矿早期浸染状矿体矿物组合为细粒黄铁矿(Py1)-(铁)白云石-石英-伊利石;成矿晚期主要以脉状矿化为特点,其矿物组合为粗粒黄铁矿(Py2)-辉锑矿-辰砂-石英-方解石-沥青。对黄铁矿进行激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry,LA-ICP-MS)微量元素点分析显示,成矿晚期粗粒黄铁矿的形成过程可能经历了多阶段演化,并通过溶解-再沉淀机制继承了早期黄铁矿的特征。不同的是,在晚期沥青脉中,粗粒黄铁矿(Py2b)LA-ICP-MS微量元素点、面分析均显示Au-As呈明显的负相关关系,且黄铁矿核部含金性优于边部,说明晚期含有机烃流体没有直接参与成矿。黄铁矿、辉锑矿和辰砂fs-LA-(MC)-ICP-MS硫同位素研究表明成矿晚期与早期具有相同的S源,来自三叠系赋矿地层。综合分析认为,成矿晚期脉状矿化和早期微细浸染状矿化可能是同一成矿流体多期次演化(挤压-伸展转换背景)的产物,并叠加在早期金矿化之上,可能导致金的再次活化富集。

关键词: 成矿阶段, 原位微量元素, 硫同位素, 卡林型金矿, 右江盆地

Abstract:

The Youjiang basin, located at the southwest margin of the Yangtze craton, is an important component of the large-scale low-temperature metallogenic domain in South China. It hosts numerous hydrothermal deposits (Au, As, Sb, Hg), which are classified as typical Carlin-type gold deposits. In many of these deposits, late-stage Au-Sb-Hg mineralization is widely developed, representing a significant overprinting event within the Carlin-type hydrothermal system. However, the processes controlling this late-stage mineralization remain poorly understood, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the regional metallogeny. The Linwang and Lannigou gold deposits are typical fault-controlled gold deposits in this region. They share similar characteristics in terms of host rocks, structures, and alteration types, as well as late-stage Au-Sb-Hg mineralization. Petrographic studies reveal that the early-ore stage is characterized by disseminated mineralization consisting of fine-grained pyrite (Py1), Fe-dolomite, quartz, and illite. The late-ore stage is marked by vein-type mineralization comprising coarse-grained pyrite (Py2), stibnite, quartz, calcite, and bitumen. LA-ICP-MS trace element analyses of pyrite (Py1 and Py2) indicate that the late-stage, coarse-grained Py2 is gold-bearing and may have inherited its characteristics from early-stage pyrite through a multi-stage dissolution-reprecipitation process. Element mapping reveals a negative correlation between Au and As in Py2, with gold concentrations higher in the core than in the rim, suggesting that hydrocarbon-bearing fluids did not significantly contribute to gold mineralization during the late stage. fs-LA-MC-ICP-MS sulfur isotope analyses of sulfides (pyrite, stibnite, and cinnabar) demonstrate that both mineralization stages share a common sulfur source, likely derived from Triassic sedimentary rocks. We conclude that the late-stage vein-type mineralization overprinted the early disseminated mineralization, with both stages likely being part of a unified ore-forming system. This process may have caused the remobilization and further enrichment of gold through fluid-rock interaction.

Key words: ore stage, in-situ trace element, sulfur isotope, Carlin-type gold deposits, Youjiang basin

中图分类号:

P611.1

何雁飞, 杨再风, 陈军, 支太云, 赵平, 潘启权, 谭泽东, 杜丽娟, 杨瑞东, 万大学, 刘坤. 右江盆地烂泥沟和林旺金矿床晚期热液成矿效应研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(2): 127-147.

HE Yanfei, YANG Zaifeng, CHEN Jun, ZHI Taiyun, ZHAO Ping, PAN Qiquan, TAN Zedong, DU Lijuan, YANG Ruidong, WAN Daxue, LIU Kun. Late-stage hydrothermal mineralization in the Lannigou and Linwang gold deposits, Youjiang Basin[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(2): 127-147.

图/表 16

图1 华南克拉通地质简图(a)及右江盆地区域地质简图(b)(a修改自文献[17];b据文献[50-51]修改)

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the South China Craton (a) and regional geological map of the Youjiang Basin (b). a modified after [17]; b modified after [50-51].

图2 右江盆地烂泥沟金矿床地质简图(据文献[66]修改)

Fig.2 Simplified geological map of the Lannigou gold deposit. Modified from[66].

图3 烂泥沟金矿床1560勘探线剖面图

Fig.3 Section of the 1560 exploration line of the Lannigou gold deposit

图4 烂泥沟金矿晚期矿体特征图 a—早期浸染状金矿体和围岩金品位变化;b—断层带中的锑-汞-砷矿化,且明显切穿早期浸染状金矿体;c—晚期断层牵引褶皱带中的锑-汞矿化;d—晚期破碎带中的锑-汞矿化;e—断层破碎带中金-锑-汞-砷矿化及相应的金品位;f—晚期石英-方解石-雌黄-雄黄脉状矿化;g—成矿早期典型浸染状矿石,见有后期石英-方解石-辰砂脉体穿插充填;h—晚期共生的石英、雄黄脉,围岩破碎呈角砾状;i—晚期石英-辰砂-辉锑矿脉呈现出典型的充填成因。

Fig.4 Characterization of the Late ore body for the Lannigou gold deposit

图5 林旺金矿床地质简图(据文献[64]修改)

Fig.5 Simplified geologic map of the Linwang gold deposit. Modified after [64].

图6 林旺金矿矿体产状及矿石构造特征 a—控矿宽缓背斜宏观特征;b—背斜核部矿石呈角砾状构造;c—断层破碎带矿化特征;d—断层破碎带处矿化特征,见明显硫化作用;e—浸染状黄铁矿呈层状产出,并见有后期沥青脉;f—石英-方解石-辉锑矿脉切穿早期浸染状金矿体。

Fig.6 The characteristics of attitude of ore body and ore-structure for the Linwang gold deposit

图7 烂泥沟金矿床矿物类型及结构特征 a-c—早期浸染状矿石手标本及矿物组合特征;d-f—晚期脉状矿石手标本及矿物组合特征。a—早期浸染状矿体被后期石英脉体切穿;b—早期浸染状矿石中黄铁矿呈致密浸染状产出;c—背散射照片下黄铁矿的内部环带特征,伴生硅化和伊利石化;d—晚期典型的脉状矿石特征,显示石英、方解石、辉锑矿、辰砂共生并以脉体形式充填的特征;e—晚期石英-方解石脉中粗粒黄铁矿典型特征;f—辉锑矿与辰砂接触边界出现少许黄铜矿产出。Py1—浸染状细粒环带黄铁矿;Py2a—石英脉中粗粒黄铁矿;Qz—石英;Cal—方解石;Stb—辉锑矿;Cin—辰砂;Bit—沥青;Ccp—黄铜矿;Rt—金红石;Ill—伊利石。

Fig.7 Mineral types and structures of the Lannigou gold deposit

图8 林旺金矿床矿物类型及结构特征 a-c—早期浸染状矿石手标本及矿物组合特征;d-f—晚期脉状矿石手标本及矿物组合特征。a—早期浸染状矿石构造特征,具有明显的硅化及硫化蚀变;b—反射光下的黄铁矿特征,呈细粒浸染状产出;c—浸染状黄铁矿的内部环带;d—晚期脉状矿石手标本照片,呈现出多期石英的现象;e—晚期石英、方解石、辉锑矿脉与围岩接触发育再硫化蚀变特征;f—晚期石英、辉锑矿脉切穿早期浸染状矿石。Py1—细粒具环带黄铁矿;Py2b—沥青脉中粗粒黄铁矿;Qz—石英;Cal—方解石;Ank—铁白云石;Ap—磷灰石;Rt—金红石;Ill—伊利石;Bit—沥青;Stb—辉锑矿。

Fig.8 Mineral types and structures of the Linwang gold deposit

图9 烂泥沟金矿床成矿晚期含金矿石薄片全区域μ-XRF分析图 Py1—浸染状细粒黄铁矿;Py2a—石英脉中粗粒黄铁矿;Qz—石英;Orp—雌黄;Apy—毒砂;Ser—绢云母。

Fig.9 The μ-XRF diagram of thin section of Au-bearing ores at late-ore stage in the Lannigou deposit

图10 林旺金矿床成矿晚期含沥青脉体μ-XRF分布图 Py1—浸染状细粒黄铁矿;Py2b—粗粒黄铁矿;Qz—石英;Cal—方解石;Ank—铁白云石;Apy—毒砂;Dol—白云石;Bit—沥青。

Fig.10 The μ-XRF diagram of thin section of bitumen-bearing veins at late-ore stage in the Linwang deposit

表1 林旺金矿床成矿早期黄铁矿(Py1)微量元素含量表[82]

Table 1 Trace element concentrations of early-ore stage pyrite (Pyl) from the Linwang gold deposit

表2 林旺金矿床成矿晚期黄铁矿(Py2b)微量元素含量表[82]

Table 2 Trace element concentrations of late-ore stage pyrite (Py2b) from the Linwang gold deposit

图11 烂泥沟和林旺金矿床成矿晚期粗粒黄铁矿微区元素面扫图 a1-a8—Py2a的Fe、S、As、Au、Co、Ni、Sb和Hg元素分布;b1-b8—Py2b的Fe、S、As、Au、Co、Ni、Sb和Hg元素分布。core—核部;rim—边缘部分。

Fig.11 Elements mapping of pyrite at the late-ore stage in the Lannigou and Linwang gold deposits

表3 烂泥沟金矿床硫化物原位S同位素测试结果[82]

Table 3 Results of in situ S isotope testing of sulfides in the Lannigou gold deposit

矿物	点号	δ³⁴S_V-CDT/ ‰	平均值	矿物	点号	δ³⁴S_V-CDT/ ‰	平均值
黄铁矿	LNG01PY1	11.17	9.06	辉锑矿	LNG02STB1	11.40	11.52
	LNG01PY2	8.59			LNG02STB2	11.64
	LNG01PY3	10.19			LNG02STB3	11.55
	LNG01PY4	8.71			LNG02STB4	11.66
	LNG01PY5	8.01			LNG02STB5	11.46
	LNG01PY6	6.82			LNG02STB6	11.83
	LNG01PY7	8.72			LNG02STB7	11.48
	LNG01PY8	10.69			LNG02STB8	11.39
	LNG01PY9	9.31			LNG02STB9	11.34
	LNG01PY10	10.01			LNG02STB10	11.49
	LNG01PY11	8.01		辰砂	LNG01CIN1	10.83	10.86
	LNG01PY12	8.33			LNG01CIN2	10.62
	LNG01PY13	9.66			LNG01CIN3	11.92
	LNG01PY14	8.64			LNG01CIN4	11.55
辉锑矿	LNG01STB1	11.63	11.84		LNG01CIN5	10.15
	LNG01STB2	11.48			LNG01CIN6	10.07
	LNG01STB3	11.53			LNG02CIN1	10.43	10.77
	LNG01STB4	11.75			LNG02CIN2	10.91
	LNG01STB5	11.88			LNG02CIN3	10.43
	LNG01STB6	12.28			LNG02CIN4	10.55
	LNG01STB7	12.28			LNG02CIN5	10.32
	LNG01STB8	11.90			LNG02CIN6	11.97

图12 林旺金矿床黄铁矿微量元素Cu/As(a)、Bi/Pb(b)、Co/Ni(c)和Au/As(d)相关性图 Py1—浸染状环带黄铁矿;Py2b—沥青脉中粗粒黄铁矿。

Fig.12 Line graph of pyrite trace element content in the Linwang gold deposit correlation graph of Cu vs. As (a), Bi vs. Pb (b), Co vs. Ni (c) and Au vs. As (d)

图13 烂泥沟金矿床不同硫化物硫同位素δ34S值特征 a—烂泥沟金矿床晚期不同硫化物δ34S值直方图;b—烂泥沟金矿床晚期不同硫化物的δ34S值对比图;c—沉积造山型金矿床的硫同位素组成随时间与海水硫酸盐的变化曲线图(底图据文献[103])。Py2a—粗粒黄铁矿;Stb—辉锑矿;Cin—辰砂。

Fig.13 Characteristics of different sulfide δ34S values in Lannigou gold deposit

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右江盆地烂泥沟和林旺金矿床晚期热液成矿效应研究

Late-stage hydrothermal mineralization in the Lannigou and Linwang gold deposits, Youjiang Basin

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