华北克拉通辽东半岛白云金矿床成矿背景及成因类型

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.41

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (3): 445-470.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.41

华北克拉通辽东半岛白云金矿床成矿背景及成因类型

蔡哲鑫¹^,²(), 高强²^,^*(), 于皓丞²^,³, 崔涛², 王时予², 滕卓尔², 何奕凝²^,⁴, 冯海⁵, 鞠楠³, 邱昆峰²

1.北京大学造山带与地壳演化教育部重点实验室, 地球与空间科学学院, 北京 100871
2.中国地质大学(北京)地质过程与成矿预测全国重点实验室, 教育部深时数字地球前沿科学中心, 北京 100083
3.自然资源部中国地质调查局沈阳地质调查中心(东北地质科技创新中心), 辽宁沈阳 110034
4.爱丁堡大学地球科学学院, 爱丁堡 EH8 9YL
5.辽宁招金白云黄金矿业有限公司, 辽宁丹东 118107

收稿日期:2025-10-01 修回日期:2025-11-11 出版日期:2026-05-25 发布日期:2026-03-26
通信作者: *高强(1997—),男,博士后,从事区域成矿规律研究工作。E-mail: gaoqgeo@163.com
作者简介:蔡哲鑫(2003—),男,硕士研究生,地质学专业。E-mail: zxcai25@stu.pku.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2906900);自然资源部深部金矿勘查开采技术创新中心开放课题(LDKF-2023BZX-17);国家自然科学基金国际(地区)合作与交流项目(42261134535);中国地质调查局东北地质科技创新中心区创基金项目(QCJJ2023-06);深时数字地球前沿科学中心项目(2652023001);山东省地质矿产勘查开发局第六地质大队技术研究项目(LDKJ20240101);山东省泰山学者工程项目(tstp20240847)

Metallogenic setting and ore genesis of the Baiyun gold deposit on the Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton

CAI Zhexin¹^,²(), GAO Qiang²^,^*(), YU Haocheng²^,³, CUI Tao², WANG Shiyu², TENG Zhuo’er², HE Yining²^,⁴, FENG Hai⁵, JU Nan³, QIU Kunfeng²

1. Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, Frontiers Science Center for Deep-Time Digital Earth, Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
3. Shenyang Center of China Geological Survey (Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center), Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenyang 110034, China
4. School of GeoSciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, United Kingdom
5. Liaoning Zhaojin Baiyun Gold Mining Corporation, Dandong 118107, China

Received:2025-10-01 Revised:2025-11-11 Online:2026-05-25 Published:2026-03-26

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

辽东半岛白云金矿床是华北克拉通东缘的重要金成矿单元。其成矿时代存在晚三叠世与早白垩世的争议,成因类型也未形成统一认识,这些问题制约了对区域成矿规律的认识。厘清白云金矿床的成矿时代与成因类型,既可以深化对华北克拉通东缘中生代构造-岩浆-成矿事件的时空格架、动力学机制的理解,也能为区域金矿找矿勘查部署提供参考。本文综合国内外相关文献,系统梳理了白云金矿床的区域地质背景、矿床地质特征、中生代大地构造演化、岩浆活动及金成矿年代学研究成果,并对比讨论了辽东与胶东金矿床在成矿流体、物质特征及成矿动力学背景方面的异同。辽东半岛中生代构造演化受晚三叠世古亚洲洋闭合-拼贴,以及早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲事件控制,发育显著的岩浆活动与金成矿作用。基于区域大地构造演化的年代学格架,本文系统评析前人针对白云金矿床的成矿年代学研究。由于金红石、磷钇矿及石英等副矿物与金成矿不存在必然的成因联系,其测年体系封闭温度也显著高于成矿温度,本文认为前人通过金矿石副矿物的晚三叠世测年结果可能记录古亚洲洋闭合后伸展阶段的构造-热事件,而成矿前后岩浆岩的锆石U-Pb年龄有力地将成矿时代约束至早白垩世(126 Ma)。成矿流体包裹体均一温度(125.42~388.31 ℃)、盐度w(NaCl_eq)(0.12%~15.90%)及成矿阶段石英氧同位素组成指示其为中低温、变质热液为主导的成矿系统,黄铁矿流体包裹体氦-氩同位素比值则揭示成矿流体呈现壳幔混合源区特征。金矿石金属硫化物的硫-铅同位素组成示踪成矿物质可能来自地层。通过与典型的胶东型金矿床进行对比,揭示二者成矿时代、成矿动力学背景、成矿流体、蚀变类型等方面高度统一。本文认为白云金矿床是早白垩世华北克拉通东缘大规模金成矿事件的组成部分,且属于胶东型金成矿系统在辽东的特殊地质表达。

关键词: 白云金矿床, 成矿年代学, 矿床成因, 胶东型金矿, 辽东半岛

Abstract:

The Baiyun gold deposit on the Liaodong Peninsula, situated along the eastern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), is a key metallogenic unit whose mineralization age has been debated between the Late Triassic and the Early Cretaceous, and whose genetic interpretation also remains contentious. This ambiguity hampers a comprehensive understanding of regional metallogenic processes. Constraining the timing and genesis of the Baiyun deposit is therefore crucial not only for refining the spatiotemporal framework and dynamics of Mesozoic tectono-magmatic-metallogenic events along the NCC margin, but also for informing regional gold exploration strategies. This study reviews published research on the regional geology, deposit geology, and Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of Liaodong, which was governed by the Late Triassic closure and amalgamation of the paleo-Asian ocean and by the Early Cretaceous subduction of the paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the NCC. Within this regional geochronological framework, we critically reassess previously reported metallogenic ages for Baiyun. Because rutile U-Pb, xenotime U-Pb, and quartz Ar-Ar chronometers lack demonstrable genetic linkage to gold mineralization and possess closure temperatures far exceeding estimated ore-forming temperatures, the Late Triassic ages yielded by these systems are unlikely to date mineralization. Instead, they probably record tectono-thermal events related to post-collisional extension following the closure of the paleo-Asian Ocean. In contrast, U-Pb zircon ages from pre- and post-mineralization intrusive rocks robustly constrain the metallogenic timing to the Early Cretaceous (126 Ma). Fluid-inclusion homogenization temperatures (125.42-388.31 ℃), salinities w(NaCl_eq) (0.12%-15.90%), and quartz oxygen-isotope compositions indicate Baiyun a low- to moderate- temperature hydrothermal system dominated by metamorphic fluids. Helium-argon isotopic ratios of pyrite fluid inclusions reveal a mixed crust-mantle source for the ore-forming fluids, whereas sulfur and lead isotopes of sulfides suggest that gold-related metals and sulfur were sourced chiefly from stratigraphy. Comparison with typical Jiaodong-type gold deposits reveals close correspondence in mineralization age, geodynamics, ore-forming fluids, and alteration characteristics. Taken together, therefore, these lines of evidence indicate that the Baiyun gold deposit constitutes the Liaodong manifestation of the Early Cretaceous, large-scale gold mineralization event along the eastern margin of the North China Craton and is most plausibly interpreted as a Jiaodong-type mineral system.

Key words: Baiyun gold deposit, metallogenic age, metallogenesis, Jiaodong-type gold deposit, Liaodong Peninsula

中图分类号:

P611
P612

蔡哲鑫, 高强, 于皓丞, 崔涛, 王时予, 滕卓尔, 何奕凝, 冯海, 鞠楠, 邱昆峰. 华北克拉通辽东半岛白云金矿床成矿背景及成因类型[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(3): 445-470.

CAI Zhexin, GAO Qiang, YU Haocheng, CUI Tao, WANG Shiyu, TENG Zhuo’er, HE Yining, FENG Hai, JU Nan, QIU Kunfeng. Metallogenic setting and ore genesis of the Baiyun gold deposit on the Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(3): 445-470.

图/表 16

图1 华北克拉通地质简图及主要金矿床分布(据文献[30]修改)

Fig.1 Simplified geological map of the North China Craton, illustrating the distribution of major gold deposits. Modified after [30].

图2 辽东半岛中生代大地构造挤压-伸展环境转换、岩浆活动、金成矿研究的年代学数据分布图 A—古亚洲洋闭合事件挤压-伸展构造环境转换年代学格架;B—扬子克拉通与华北克拉通碰撞事件挤压-伸展构造环境转换年代学格架;C—古太平洋构造体系俯冲华北克拉通事件挤压-伸展构造环境转换年代学格架;D—辽东半岛中生代岩浆活动年代学数据分布图与频数分布直方图;E—辽东半岛主要金矿床成矿年代学数据分布图与频数分布直方图。灰色填充分别指示238.8~207和126~120 Ma两个岩浆活动、金成矿年代学数据集中范围。QCZ—青城子矿集区;LDE—辽东半岛其他地区。

Fig.2 Geochronological framework of Mesozoic compression-extension tectonic transition, magmatism, gold mineralization researches in the Liaodong Peninsula.

图3 辽东半岛地质简图及主要金矿床分布(据文献[8]修改)

Fig.3 Simplified geological map of the Liaodong Peninsula, illustrating the distribution of major gold deposits. Modified after [8].

图4 青城子矿集区地质图及主要矿床分布(据文献[90]修改)

Fig.4 Geological map of the Qingchengzi ore field, showing the major gold deposits in the ore field with the yellow circles. Modified after reference [90].

图5 白云金矿床矿区地质图(A)及沿AA'(B)与BB'(C)的典型剖面(据文献[12,17]修改)

Fig.5 Geological sketch map of the Baiyun gold deposit (A) and representative schematic profiles along AA' (B) and BB' (C). Modified after [12,17].

图6 白云金矿床金矿体特征及蚀变分带代表性剖面 A—二道沟采区380 m中段1号矿体剖面蚀变分带示意图;B-G—井下剖面照片,位置如图6A所示。Qtz—石英;Chl—绿泥石;Py—黄铁矿。

Fig.6 Characteristics of gold ore body and representative profile of alteration zoning in the Baiyun gold deposit

图7 白云金矿床代表性金矿石镜下特征及矿物组合 A—金矿石矿物组合特征,可见黑云母、夕线石及黄铁矿等矿物沿片理方向发育,左图为单偏光,右图为正交偏光;B,C—金矿石透明矿物组合特征,B为单偏光,C为正交偏光;D,E—金矿石金属硫化物特征与金的赋存状态。Bt—黑云母;Sil—夕线石;Py—黄铁矿;Qtz—石英;Ms—白云母;Ser—绢云母;Pl—斜长石;Ccp—黄铜矿;Po—磁黄铁矿;Sp—闪锌矿;Au—自然金。

Fig.7 Representative microscopic characteristics and mineral assemblages of gold ores from the Baiyun gold deposit

图8 辽东主要金矿床成矿流体包裹体温度(A)、盐度(B)数据箱线图

Fig.8 Box plots of homogenization temperature (A) and salinities (B) of fluid inclusions from Baiyun gold deposit in different mineralization stages.

图9 辽东各金矿床成矿流体包裹体均一温度-盐度图解

Fig.9 Homogenization temperature vs. salinity diagram of ore-forming fluid inclusions from gold deposits in Liaodong.

图10 辽东各金矿床成矿流体包裹体H2O-CO2体系的均一温度-压力图解等容线上标注数值为对应流体的密度(单位:g/cm3);LCO2、VCO2分别代表CO2的饱和液体状态与饱和蒸汽状态,LH2O、VH2O分别代表H2O的饱和液体状态与饱和蒸汽状态。

Fig.10 Homogenization temperature versus pressure diagram for the H2O-CO2 system in ore-forming fluid inclusions from gold deposits in Liaodong.

图11 辽东与胶东金矿床各成矿阶段石英δ18OH2O图解

Fig.11 Distribution of quartz inclusion δ18OH2O data from different mineralization stages of gold deposits in Liaodong and Jiaodong Peninsula.

图12 辽东各金矿床与胶东金矿床黄铁矿流体包裹体4He-3He(A)及40Ar/36Ar-R/Ra(B)图解

Fig.12 Diagrams of 4He vs. 3He (A) and 40Ar/36Ar vs. R/Ra (B) of fluid inclusions in pyrite from gold deposits in Liaodong and Jiaodong.

图13 辽东与胶东金矿床矿石金属硫化物及其他地质体δ34S值分布对比图(A,B);中生代造山型金矿床与海水硫酸盐δ34S值分布图(C)

Fig.13 Distribution of δ34S values from metal sulfides in gold ores and other geological bodies in gold deposits of Liaodong and Jiaodong Peninsula (A, B); and δ34S values in Mesozoic orogenic gold deposits and marine sulfate (C).

图14 辽东各金矿床及胶东型金矿床矿石金属硫化物206Pb/204Pb-207Pb/204Pb(A)及206Pb/204Pb-208Pb/204Pb(B)图解

Fig.14 Diagrams of 206Pb/204Pb vs. 207Pb/204Pb (A) and 206Pb/204Pb vs. 208Pb/204Pb (B) for metal sulfides in gold ores from gold deposits in Liaodong and Jiaodong-type gold deposits.

表1 白云金矿床与典型胶东型金矿床核心成矿特征对比

Table 1 Comparison of characteristics between the Baiyun gold deposit and typical Jiaodong-type gold deposits

矿床特征	白云金矿床	典型的胶东型金矿床
成矿时代	约126 Ma	约120 Ma
成矿动力学背景	古太平洋板块回撤背景下的强烈伸展构造环境
成矿流体性质	中低温(125.42~388.31 ℃),中低盐度w(NaCl_eq)(0.12%~15.90%),低密度(0.597~0.655 g/cm³),变质热液为主	中低温(200~400 ℃),低盐度w(NaCl_eq)(<6%),低密度(0.6~1.0 g/cm³),变质热液
成矿物质来源	可能来自地层,含少量岩浆来源	可能来自被俯冲交代的岩石圈地幔
赋矿围岩	夕线黑云片岩(盖县组;二道沟采区,三道沟采区)、白云质大理岩(大石桥组;荒甸子采区)	钙碱性花岗岩(晚侏罗世;玲珑)、高钾钙碱性花岗岩(早白垩世;郭家岭)、变质沉积岩(新太古代,古元古代)、底砾岩(下白垩统莱阳群;蓬家夼)
蚀变类型	黄铁绢英岩化、黄铁矿化、绢云母化、硅化、碳酸盐化、绿泥石化等
矿化样式	蚀变岩型(二道沟采区,三道沟采区)、石英脉型(荒甸子采区)	破碎带蚀变岩型(焦家式)、石英脉型(玲珑式)、蚀变砾岩(蓬家夼式,角砾岩型)、黄铁矿-碳酸盐脉(辽上式)

图15 早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲华北克拉通(A)及白云金矿床成矿模式图(B)

Fig.15 Schematic diagram illustrating the subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate beneath the North China Craton during the Early Cretaceous (A) and the gold mineralization model of the Baiyun gold deposit (B).

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华北克拉通辽东半岛白云金矿床成矿背景及成因类型

Metallogenic setting and ore genesis of the Baiyun gold deposit on the Liaodong Peninsula, North China Craton

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