华北克拉通南缘水磨沟稀土矿床成矿时代及成矿过程

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.30

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 247-264.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.30

• 战略矿产成因机制与金属富集 • 上一篇下一篇

华北克拉通南缘水磨沟稀土矿床成矿时代及成矿过程

杜保峰¹^,²(), 李山坡²^,³^,^*(), 吴鸣谦¹, 张荣臻², 陈俊魁², 王莉², 李珊珊¹, 邱昆峰¹

1.中国地质大学(北京) 深时数字地球前沿科学中心, 地质过程与矿产资源国家重点实验室, 地球科学与资源学院, 北京 100083
2.河南省地质研究院河南省金属矿产成矿地质过程与资源利用重点实验室, 河南郑州 450016
3.中国地质调查局廊坊自然资源综合调查中心, 天津 300301

收稿日期:2024-11-05 修回日期:2025-05-26 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-01-29
通信作者: *李山坡(1982—),男,硕士,正高级工程师,主要从事成矿规律研究。E-maill: lsp533@163.com
作者简介:杜保峰(1985—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要从事矿床学和成矿预测研究。E-mail: dubaofeng517@163.com
基金资助:
河南省科技攻关项目(242102320363);河南省财政地质勘查项目(豫财招标采购-2020-165-3);河南省财政地质勘查项目(豫财招标采购-2024-424-12);河南省地质研究院基本科研业务费项目(2024-903-XM04);河南省地质研究院基本科研业务费项目(2025-901-XM09)

Metallogenic age and process of the Shuimogo REE deposit in the south margin of the North China Craton

DU Baofeng¹^,²(), LI Shanpo²^,³^,^*(), WU Mingqian¹, ZHANG Rongzhen², CHEN Junkui², WANG Li², LI Shanshan¹, QIU Kunfeng¹

1. Frontiers Science Center for Deep-time Digital Earth, State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, School of Earth Science and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
2. Henan Key Laboratory of Metal Mineral Mineralization Geological Processes and Resource Utilization, Henan Academy of Geology, Zhengzhou 450016, China
3. Lang Fang Natural Resources Comprehensive Survey Center, China Geological Survey, Tianjin 300301, China

Received:2024-11-05 Revised:2025-05-26 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2026-01-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

栾川县水磨沟稀土矿床位于华北克拉通南缘,为一新发现以轻稀土为主的高品位稀土矿。稀土矿体呈不规则脉状展布于古元古代末期龙王碱性花岗岩体中的北西-北西西向构造带内,赋矿围岩为富含稀土的中粗粒钠铁闪石正长花岗岩。本文对其开展了显微矿物学、稀土元素地球化学和氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb年代学研究,并探讨其成矿作用过程。矿物学研究显示,稀土矿石矿物主要为氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、褐帘石和铈硅磷灰石,发育明显的交代结构,指示后期热液活动对稀土元素的富集成矿起着重要的作用。稀土元素地球化学特征显示矿石强烈富集轻稀土,轻重稀土分馏较强,稀土配分曲线呈具中等Eu负异常的右倾斜模式,与围岩龙王碱性花岗岩稀土元素地球化学特征总体较为相似,指示其与龙王碱性花岗岩体的亲缘性。氟碳铈矿激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱法(laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer,LA-ICP-MS )U-Th-Pb测年获得主体Th-Pb加权平均年龄为(381.4±6.5)Ma,表明其主要形成时代属晚泥盆世早期。稀土成矿作用过程如下:古元古代末期,区域龙王碱型花岗质岩浆在高度结晶分异过程中稀土元素进行了初步富集;泥盆纪时,受构造挤压作用碱性花岗岩体中稀土元素发生活化,并沿构造破碎带迁移富集沉淀成矿,为水磨沟稀土矿的主成矿期;中生代时,碱性花岗岩体及稀土矿体局部发生构造热事件,部分稀土元素再次活化迁移,沿原来矿体位置局部发生了改造富集。

关键词: 水磨沟稀土矿, 氟碳铈矿定年, 泥盆纪, 成矿作用, 华北克拉通南缘

Abstract:

The Shuimogo REE deposit in Luanchuan County, Henan Province, is a newly discovered, high-grade deposit on the southern margin of the North China Craton, dominated by light rare earth elements (LREEs). REE ore bodies occur as irregular veins within a NW- to WWN-trending structural zone of the Late Paleoproterozoic Longwangzhuang alkaline granite and are hosted by medium- to coarse-grained sodic-ferro-amphibole syenitic granite, which itself has high REE content. This study investigates the metallogenic age and processes through detailed mineralogy, rare earth element geochemistry, and bastnäsite U-Th-Pb geochronology by LA-ICP-MS. Mineralogical analysis shows that the main REE minerals are bastnäsite, parisite, allanite, and ellestadite. The presence of obvious metasomatic textures indicates that late-stage hydrothermal activity played a critical role in REE enrichment and mineralization. Geochemically, the ore is strongly enriched in LREEs, shows a high degree of LREE-HREE fractionation, and exhibits a right-sloping REE distribution pattern with a moderate negative Eu anomaly. These patterns are generally similar to the geochemical signature of the Longwangzhuang alkaline granites, implying a genetic affinity. Bastnäsite U-Th-Pb dating yielded a weighted average age of (381.4±6.5) Ma, indicating that the main mineralization phase occurred during the early Late Devonian. The REE mineralization process of Shuimogou REE deposit involved three key stages: (1) Initial REEs enrichment occurred during the Late Paleoproterozoic, accompanied by extensive fractional crystallization of the Longwangzhuang alkaline granitic magma. (2) During the Devonian as main mineralization stage, REEs within the alkaline granite were mobilized by tectonic compression, migrated along fault zones, and accumulated to form ore bodies. (3) In the Mesozoic, tectonic-thermal events remobilized some REEs, leading to local modification and further enrichment of pre-existing ore bodies.

Key words: Shuimogo REE deposit, bastnäsite U-Th-Pb dating, Devonian, mineralization process, south margin of the North China craton

中图分类号:

P618
P597

杜保峰, 李山坡, 吴鸣谦, 张荣臻, 陈俊魁, 王莉, 李珊珊, 邱昆峰. 华北克拉通南缘水磨沟稀土矿床成矿时代及成矿过程[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(2): 247-264.

DU Baofeng, LI Shanpo, WU Mingqian, ZHANG Rongzhen, CHEN Junkui, WANG Li, LI Shanshan, QIU Kunfeng. Metallogenic age and process of the Shuimogo REE deposit in the south margin of the North China Craton[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(2): 247-264.

图/表 15

图1 秦岭造山带构造构架图及龙王岩体区域地质简图(a据文献[17]修改;b据文献[24]修改) a—秦岭造山带构造构架图;b—龙王岩体区域地质简图。

Fig.1 Tectonic framework of the Qinling Orogenand regional geological map of the Longwangzhuang pluton. a modified after [17]; b modified after [24].

图2 水磨沟稀土矿区地质简图(据文献[31]修改)

Fig.2 Geological map of the Shuimogou REE deposit. Modified after [31].

图3 水磨沟矿区岩矿石野外特征照片 a—钠铁闪石正长花岗岩;b—钠铁闪石正长花岗岩内的伟晶岩晶洞;c—K2含稀土构造带特征;d—K4稀土矿体特征;e—含矿构造带内发育的蚀变岩;f—块状矿石。Aln—褐帘石;Bsn—氟碳铈矿;Fl—萤石。

Fig.3 Field typical photography in the Shuimogou REE deposit

图4 水磨沟稀土矿区0-0'号勘探线剖面简图(据文献[31]修改)

Fig.4 Profile of No. 0 exploration line of the Shuimogou REE deposit. Modified after [31].

表1 水磨沟矿区不同富稀土矿物的电子探针分析结果

Table 1 Results of electronic microprobe of different rare earth minerals of the Shuimogou REE deposit

图5 水磨沟矿区矿物特征显微照片和背散射图像 a—氟碳铈矿和褐帘石交代钾长石;b—萤石、氟碳铈矿和褐帘石交代角闪石;c—萤石、褐帘石和氟碳铈矿共生;d—萤石交代早期氟碳铈矿的残余结构;e—自形柱状的氟碳铈矿;f—氟碳铈矿和黑云母交代角闪石的残余结构,可见自形褐帘石;g—氟碳铈矿、氟碳钙铈矿、萤石、褐帘石共生组合;h—自形-半自形氟碳铈矿;i—氟碳铈矿内包含共生的氟碳钙铈矿;j—氟碳铈矿和铈硅磷灰石沿角闪石裂隙充填交代,并沿褐帘石边缘交代;k—晚期自形柱状氟碳铈矿穿切早期氟碳铈矿和褐帘石;l—氟碳钙铈矿呈它形状沿氟碳铈矿晶间空隙充填。Amp—角闪石;Bsn—氟碳铈矿;Bt—黑云母;Bri—铈硅磷灰石;Kf—钾长石;Fl—萤石;Par—氟碳钙铈矿;Aln—褐帘石。

Fig.5 Photomicrographs and backscattered-electron images of main minerals in the Shuimogou REE deposit

表2 水磨沟稀土矿区矿石稀土元素和F、LOI含量分析表

Table 2 REE,F and LOI analyses of ore from the Shuimogou REE deposit

图6 水磨沟矿区稀土矿石(a)及龙王岩体岩石(b)球粒陨石标准化稀土配分图(标准化值据文献[34];龙王岩体数据来源于文献[11,25,26,29,35])

Fig.6 Chondrite-normalized REE distribution patterns of Shuimogou REE deposit (a) and Longwangzhuang pluton (b). The chondrite data for normalization after [34];Dates of Longwangzhuang plutons from [11,25,26,29,35].

图7 水磨沟稀土矿区氟碳铈矿背散射图像、测点位置和208Pb/232Th年龄

Fig.7 Backscattered-electron images of bastnäsite that show location of analyzed spots and corresponding 208Pb/232Th ages in the Shuimogou REE deposit

表3 水磨沟稀土矿区氟碳铈矿LA- ICP-MS U-Th-Pb同位素分析结果

Table 3 LA- ICP-MS Bastnäsite U-Th-Pb isotopic data from the Shuimogou REE deposit

点号	w_B/10^-6			同位素比值								年龄/Ma
点号	Pb	Th	U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1σ	²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th	1σ	²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th	1σ
LW-1-1	156.50	8 640	0.74	0.649 8	0.052 4	17.288 0	1.833 3	0.2231	0.021 7	0.018 0	0.000 2	360	4
LW-1-2	89.55	4 758	0.42	0.664 1	0.035 5	33.707 8	2.289 2	0.3565	0.018 1	0.019 1	0.000 2	382	4
LW-1-3	106.84	5 639	0.08	0.812 5	0.057 5	124.972 8	11.980 0	1.3162	0.129 6	0.019 2	0.000 2	384	4
LW-1-4	166.22	8 731	0.70	0.476 3	0.033 4	7.642 2	0.448 0	0.1468	0.005 6	0.019 4	0.000 2	388	4
LW-1-5	32.20	1 697	0.97	0.202 1	0.022 7	1.369 9	0.100 8	0.0725	0.002 9	0.019 3	0.000 2	387	4
LW-1-6	17.62	2 545	0.34	0.500 9	0.048 5	10.051 7	1.042 7	0.1168	0.012 4	0.007 2	0.000 1	144	2
LW-1-7	97.04	5 238	0.06	0.812 7	0.087 1	78.056 7	7.876 6	0.7695	0.094 5	0.019 1	0.000 3	382	5
LW-1-8	15.13	2 146	0.54	0.153 6	0.023 3	1.196 7	0.146 2	0.0329	0.002 6	0.007 3	0.000 1	146	2
LW-1-9	3.62	254	0.05	0.873 9	0.030 1	120.186 7	8.642 3	1.0190	0.070 3	0.011 2	0.000 3	224	5
LW-1-10	175.36	9 174	0.71	0.594 8	0.044 3	9.2475	0.466 4	0.1549	0.006 5	0.019 7	0.000 2	394	5
LW-1-11	83.11	4 635	1.07	0.570 7	0.026 2	12.021 6	0.437 5	0.1740	0.005 2	0.018 3	0.000 2	366	4
LW-1-12	74.22	3 745	1.70	0.158 5	0.015 8	1.528 6	0.131 6	0.0775	0.003 1	0.020 1	0.000 3	403	5
LW-1-13	71.49	3 801	1.43	0.167 7	0.013 5	1.487 1	0.103 4	0.0784	0.002 8	0.019 3	0.000 2	387	4
LW-1-14	121.73	6 865	0.75	0.715 2	0.045 6	26.147 7	1.454 0	0.305 3	0.015 0	0.018 1	0.000 2	362	4
LW-1-15	92.38	4 860	0.41	0.608 8	0.048 5	9.676 2	0.574 9	0.150 6	0.007 1	0.019 5	0.000 2	391	4
LW-1-16	82.21	4 259	0.14	0.810 0	0.073 8	68.923 1	5.627 2	0.788 2	0.074 9	0.019 6	0.000 2	392	5
LW-1-17	15.51	2 197	0.12	0.363 2	0.056 6	19.834 1	3.120 7	0.230 3	0.033 5	0.007 2	0.000 1	146	3
LW-1-18	50.87	4 371	0.90	0.565 7	0.059 5	4.888 2	0.406 1	0.076 2	0.004 3	0.011 6	0.000 1	233	3
LW-1-19	131.98	7 106	0.26	0.767 2	0.078 3	41.296 4	2.941 6	0.490 7	0.032 6	0.019 0	0.000 2	381	4
LW-1-20	124.04	6 767	0.78	0.418 9	0.030 9	5.529 9	0.275 1	0.126 0	0.005 1	0.018 8	0.000 2	376	4

表3 水磨沟稀土矿区氟碳铈矿LA- ICP-MS U-Th-Pb同位素分析结果

Table 3 LA- ICP-MS Bastnäsite U-Th-Pb isotopic data from the Shuimogou REE deposit

点号	w_B/10^-6			同位素比值								年龄/Ma
点号	Pb	Th	U	²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb	1σ	²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U	1σ	²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U	1σ	²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th	1σ	²⁰⁸Pb/²³²Th	1σ
LW-1-1	156.50	8 640	0.74	0.649 8	0.052 4	17.288 0	1.833 3	0.2231	0.021 7	0.018 0	0.000 2	360	4
LW-1-2	89.55	4 758	0.42	0.664 1	0.035 5	33.707 8	2.289 2	0.3565	0.018 1	0.019 1	0.000 2	382	4
LW-1-3	106.84	5 639	0.08	0.812 5	0.057 5	124.972 8	11.980 0	1.3162	0.129 6	0.019 2	0.000 2	384	4
LW-1-4	166.22	8 731	0.70	0.476 3	0.033 4	7.642 2	0.448 0	0.1468	0.005 6	0.019 4	0.000 2	388	4
LW-1-5	32.20	1 697	0.97	0.202 1	0.022 7	1.369 9	0.100 8	0.0725	0.002 9	0.019 3	0.000 2	387	4
LW-1-6	17.62	2 545	0.34	0.500 9	0.048 5	10.051 7	1.042 7	0.1168	0.012 4	0.007 2	0.000 1	144	2
LW-1-7	97.04	5 238	0.06	0.812 7	0.087 1	78.056 7	7.876 6	0.7695	0.094 5	0.019 1	0.000 3	382	5
LW-1-8	15.13	2 146	0.54	0.153 6	0.023 3	1.196 7	0.146 2	0.0329	0.002 6	0.007 3	0.000 1	146	2
LW-1-9	3.62	254	0.05	0.873 9	0.030 1	120.186 7	8.642 3	1.0190	0.070 3	0.011 2	0.000 3	224	5
LW-1-10	175.36	9 174	0.71	0.594 8	0.044 3	9.2475	0.466 4	0.1549	0.006 5	0.019 7	0.000 2	394	5
LW-1-11	83.11	4 635	1.07	0.570 7	0.026 2	12.021 6	0.437 5	0.1740	0.005 2	0.018 3	0.000 2	366	4
LW-1-12	74.22	3 745	1.70	0.158 5	0.015 8	1.528 6	0.131 6	0.0775	0.003 1	0.020 1	0.000 3	403	5
LW-1-13	71.49	3 801	1.43	0.167 7	0.013 5	1.487 1	0.103 4	0.0784	0.002 8	0.019 3	0.000 2	387	4
LW-1-14	121.73	6 865	0.75	0.715 2	0.045 6	26.147 7	1.454 0	0.305 3	0.015 0	0.018 1	0.000 2	362	4
LW-1-15	92.38	4 860	0.41	0.608 8	0.048 5	9.676 2	0.574 9	0.150 6	0.007 1	0.019 5	0.000 2	391	4
LW-1-16	82.21	4 259	0.14	0.810 0	0.073 8	68.923 1	5.627 2	0.788 2	0.074 9	0.019 6	0.000 2	392	5
LW-1-17	15.51	2 197	0.12	0.363 2	0.056 6	19.834 1	3.120 7	0.230 3	0.033 5	0.007 2	0.000 1	146	3
LW-1-18	50.87	4 371	0.90	0.565 7	0.059 5	4.888 2	0.406 1	0.076 2	0.004 3	0.011 6	0.000 1	233	3
LW-1-19	131.98	7 106	0.26	0.767 2	0.078 3	41.296 4	2.941 6	0.490 7	0.032 6	0.019 0	0.000 2	381	4
LW-1-20	124.04	6 767	0.78	0.418 9	0.030 9	5.529 9	0.275 1	0.126 0	0.005 1	0.018 8	0.000 2	376	4

图8 水磨沟稀土矿区氟碳铈矿Tera-Wasserburg U-Pb年龄图解(a)和Th-Pb加权年龄图(b) Mean—加权平均值;MSWD—平均标准加权偏差。

Fig.8 Diagrams of Tera-Wasserburg U-Pb ages (a) and Th-Pb weighted average age (b) of the bastnäsite from the Shuimogou REE deposit

图9 水磨沟稀土矿区矿石REE与F关系图解

Fig.9 REE-F diagrams of ore from the Shuimogou REE deposit

表4 秦岭造山带稀土矿床成矿年龄表

Table 4 Geochronological data for the REE deposits in the Qinling orogenic belt

矿床名称	大地构造位置	矿床类型	年龄/Ma	测试方法	文献
黄龙铺Mo-REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	碳酸岩型	221.5±0.3	辉钼矿Re-Os	[52]
			222.0±7.0	辉钼矿Re-Os	[53]
			225.0±7.6	辉钼矿Re-Os	[54]
			213.6±4.0	独居石U-Th-Pb	[54]
华阳川U-Nb-REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	碳酸岩型	222.5±6.7	独居石U-Th-Pb	[8]
			221.9±5.1	晶质铀矿U-Th-Pb	[55]
			137.1±2.0	晶质铀矿U-Th-Pb	[55]
			208.5±3.2	榍石U-Pb	[56]
			196.8±2.4	辉钼矿Re-Os	[56]
驾鹿REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	碳酸岩型	234.7±6.5	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[5]
驾鹿REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	碳酸岩型	217±5.0	独居石U-Th-Pb	[5]
黄水庵Mo-REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	碳酸岩型	213.5±2.9	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[9]
			209.5±4.2	辉钼矿Re-Os	[53]
			208.4±3.6	辉钼矿Re-Os	[57]
			206.5±3.8	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[1]
			211.7±3.1	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[58]
太平镇REE矿床	北秦岭造山带	热液型	420.7±7.3	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[1]
			425.6±4.8	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[1]
			409±16	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[7]
			399.4±3.5	热液锆石U-Th-Pb	[7]
庙垭Nb-REE矿床	南秦岭造山带	碳酸岩+碱性岩型	233.6±1.7	独居石U-Th-Pb	[59]
			205.8±3.6	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	[1]
			231.0±2.3	独居石U-Th-Pb	[1]
			414±11	独居石U-Th-Pb	[1]
			238.3±4.1	独居石U-Th-Pb	[60]
			232.8±3.7	铌铁矿U-Pb	[60]
			235.1±1.5	热液独居石U-Th-Pb	[6]
杀熊洞Nb-REE矿床	南秦岭造山带	碳酸岩+碱性岩型	229±2	独居石U-Th-Pb	[36]
杀熊洞Nb-REE矿床	南秦岭造山带	碳酸岩+碱性岩型	433.1±6.4	磷灰石U-Th-Pb	[61]
水磨沟REE矿床	华北克拉通南缘	热液型	381.4±6.5	氟碳铈矿U-Th-Pb	本文

图10 秦岭造山带稀土矿床成矿年龄分布图(数据来源于表4)

Fig.10 Summary of geochronological data for the REE deposits in the Qinling Orogenic Belt. The data and references are available in Table 4.

图11 水磨沟稀土矿床成矿模式图 a—约1.6 Ga时龙王岩体侵位及稀土初步富集过程;b—约381 Ma时水磨沟稀土矿体形成过程;c—约145 Ma时稀土矿体叠加改造过程。

Fig.11 Metallogenic model of the Shuimogou REE deposit

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华北克拉通南缘水磨沟稀土矿床成矿时代及成矿过程

Metallogenic age and process of the Shuimogo REE deposit in the south margin of the North China Craton

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