老挝琅勃拉邦—泰国黎府成矿带中段桑通金矿成矿流体特征与演化

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.22

地学前缘 ›› 2026, Vol. 33 ›› Issue (2): 399-418.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2025.1.22

• 战略矿产成矿规律与找矿预测 • 上一篇下一篇

老挝琅勃拉邦—泰国黎府成矿带中段桑通金矿成矿流体特征与演化

郭林楠¹(), 杨永飞¹^,^*(), 廖震文¹, 张彬¹, 徐思维¹, 梁慧敏¹, 张炳林², 张向飞¹, 曾祥婷¹

1.中国地质调查局成都地质调查中心(西南地质科技创新中心), 四川成都 610081
2.陕西省矿产地质调查中心, 陕西西安 710068

收稿日期:2024-10-14 修回日期:2025-02-28 出版日期:2026-03-25 发布日期:2026-01-29
通信作者: *杨永飞(1984—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事东特提斯成矿域区域成矿作用研究工作。E-mail: yyf6811@163.com
作者简介:郭林楠(1989—),男,博士,高级工程师,主要从事东特提斯成矿域构造演化和金铜成矿作用研究工作。E-mail: linnanguo@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(42472142);国家自然科学基金项目(42102113);国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFC2901803);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230127);中国地质调查局地质调查项目(DD20230579);陕西省自然科学基础研究计划一般项目(青年项目)(2022JQ-276);国家留学基金管理委员会项目(202108575008)

Nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Sangthong gold deposit in the middle section of the Luang Prabang (Laos)-Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt

GUO Linnan¹(), YANG Yongfei¹^,^*(), LIAO Zhenwen¹, ZHANG Bin¹, XU Siwei¹, LIANG Huimin¹, ZHANG Binglin², ZHANG Xiangfei¹, ZENG Xiangting¹

1. Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey (Geosciences Innovation Center of Southwest China), Chengdu 610081, China
2. Shaanxi Mineral Resources and Geological Survey, Xi’an 710068, China

Received:2024-10-14 Revised:2025-02-28 Online:2026-03-25 Published:2026-01-29

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

老挝琅勃拉邦—泰国黎府成矿带北段、中段和南段分别发育造山型、斑岩-夕卡岩型和浅成低温热液型金矿。桑通金矿是该成矿带中段近年来新发现的脉型金矿,其成因研究对进一步完善区域成矿理论、支撑找矿勘查具有重要意义。本研究在详细的矿相学、岩相学研究基础上,开展了流体包裹体显微测温和氢氧同位素分析。桑通金矿成矿流体主要来源于岩浆热液,初始成矿流体属中温、低盐度H₂O-NaCl体系,在成矿流体演化过程中,中低温、高盐度、富CO₂流体混入,并可能在成矿晚阶段混入大气降水,流体混合作用叠加水-岩反应导致大规模金沉淀。桑通金矿为低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿,主阶段成矿深度为1.1~1.8 km。桑通金矿地质特征与成矿带南段的大型浅成低温热液型切垂金矿类似,但具有更大的成矿深度,且受大气降水影响较小。综合认为,成矿带中段已知斑岩-夕卡岩型金矿周边发育区域张性断裂的中酸性火山岩区可能是浅成低温热液型金矿的找矿有利区,已发现的该类型金矿化点也具有一定的深部找矿潜力。

关键词: 流体包裹体, 氢氧同位素, 低硫型浅成低温热液型金矿, 桑通金矿, 琅勃拉邦—黎府成矿带中段

Abstract:

The Luang Prabang (Laos)-Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt hosts orogenic-type deposits in its northern section, porphyry-skarn deposits in the middle, and epithermal gold deposits in the south. The recently discovered Sangthong vein-type gold deposit in the middle section of this belt provides key insights into regional metallogeny and has important implications for gold exploration. Based on detailed mineralogy and petrology, combined with fluid inclusion microthermometry and H-O isotope analysis, we determined the characteristics and evolution of the ore-forming fluids. Our results indicate a magmatic-dominant source for the fluids. The initial ore-forming fluid belongs to a medium-temperature, low-salinity H₂O-NaCl system. During its evolution, this fluid mixed with a medium-low temperature, high-salinity, CO₂-rich fluid, with significant meteoric water input occurring in the late hydrothermal stage. The Sangthong deposit is classified as a low-sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, formed at depths of 1.1-1.8 km. While it shares geological characteristics with the large-scale Chatree epithermal deposit in the southern part of the belt, Sangthong exhibits a relatively deeper mineralization depth and less meteoric water involvement in its fluid system. We therefore propose that the intermediate-acidic volcanic rock areas adjacent to extensional faults in the middle section of the Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt are highly prospective for new epithermal gold discoveries. Furthermore, the epithermal gold occurrences in the middle section of the belt show significant potential for gold discovery at greater depths.

Key words: fluid inclusion, H-O isotopes, low sulfidation epithermal gold deposit, Sangthong gold deposit, middle section of the Luang Prabang - Loei metallogenic belt

中图分类号:

郭林楠, 杨永飞, 廖震文, 张彬, 徐思维, 梁慧敏, 张炳林, 张向飞, 曾祥婷. 老挝琅勃拉邦—泰国黎府成矿带中段桑通金矿成矿流体特征与演化[J]. 地学前缘, 2026, 33(2): 399-418.

GUO Linnan, YANG Yongfei, LIAO Zhenwen, ZHANG Bin, XU Siwei, LIANG Huimin, ZHANG Binglin, ZHANG Xiangfei, ZENG Xiangting. Nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Sangthong gold deposit in the middle section of the Luang Prabang (Laos)-Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2026, 33(2): 399-418.

图/表 12

图1 琅勃拉邦—黎府成矿带区位与地质简图 a—老挝和邻区大地构造单元划分图;b—琅勃拉邦—黎府成矿带地质简图(据文献[4,7])。

Fig.1 Location and simplified geological map of the Luang Prabang-Loei metallogenic belt

图2 桑通金矿区和周边地质简图

Fig.2 Geological map of the Sangthong gold deposit and adjacent areas

图3 桑通金矿典型金矿石和矿物照片 a—桑通金矿采场;b—钾化、绿泥石化蚀变内发育硫化物细脉;c—石英硫化物脉,石英具梳状结构;d—Ⅰ阶段自形黄铁矿(Py1),被闪锌矿交代;e—Ⅱ阶段半自形黄铁矿(Py2)被Ⅲ阶段石英黄铁矿(Py3)闪锌矿细脉穿切;f—Ⅱ阶段半自形黄铁矿,Ⅲ阶段细粒黄铁矿、黄铜矿和闪锌矿;g—Ⅱ阶段半自形毒砂和黄铁矿,Ⅲ阶段细粒黄铁矿、方铅矿和闪锌矿;h—银金矿与Ⅱ阶段黄铁矿共生;i—银金矿和闪锌矿与Ⅲ阶段黄铁矿共生。矿物缩写:Apy—毒砂;El—银金矿;Ccp—黄铜矿;Chl—绿泥石;Gn—方铅矿;Kfs—钾长石;Py—黄铁矿;Qz—石英;Sp—闪锌矿。

Fig.3 Photographs and photomicrographs of typical gold ores and minerals in the Sangthong gold deposit

图4 桑通金矿热液矿物共生顺序(线条宽度代表矿物相对含量)

Fig.4 Paragenetic sequence of hydrothermal minerals in the Sangthong gold deposit. Line thickness indicates a relative abundance of minerals in the paragenetic sequence

图5 桑通金矿典型金矿石阴极发光结构 a-c—火山岩围岩内发育石英硫化物细脉;d, e—火山岩围岩内发育热液石英脉,热液石英呈暗蓝色,火山岩内石英斑晶或晶屑呈亮蓝色,火山岩基质呈粉色;f, g—火山岩围岩内发育热液石英硫化物脉,石英晶屑被热液改造的部分呈暗蓝色,发育大量次生包裹体群。a, d, f为薄片扫描图;b, c, e, g为CL图。c, e,g图内的暗色弧线为圈点残留的墨迹。

Fig.5 Hot-cathode cathodoluminescence (CL) textures of ore samples from the Sangthong gold deposit

图6 桑通金矿典型流体包裹体和流体包裹体群特征 a—Ⅰ阶段硫化物包裹的石英内假次生包裹体群;b—Ⅰ阶段L1型流体包裹体组成的簇状包裹体群FIA 1;c—Ⅱ阶段L1型流体包裹体组成的簇状和假次生包裹体群FIA 2;d—火山岩石英晶屑内的Ⅱ阶段次生包裹体群;e—石英晶屑内,L1型和C型包裹体组成的Ⅱ阶段群FIA 3;f—Ⅱ阶段硫化物旁热液石英内,L1型和C型包裹体组成的簇状包裹体群FIA 3;g—Ⅱ阶段硫化物内包裹的石英,L1型、L2型和C型包裹体组成的簇状包裹体群FIA 3;h—Ⅲ阶段L1型流体包裹体组成的簇状包裹体群FIA 4;i—Ⅲ阶段L1型和LC型包裹体组成的簇状包裹体群FIA 5。

Fig.6 Photomicrographs of typical fluid inclusions and FIAs from the Sangthong gold deposit

表1 桑通金矿流体包裹体显微测温数据表

Table 1 Microthermometric data for fluid inclusions trapped in quartz from the Sangthong gold deposit

图7 3个成矿阶段各流体包裹体群的均一温度、盐度和密度范围(线段中间的点代表平均值) a—均一温度;b—盐度;c—密度。

Fig.7 Ranges of Th TOT, salinity, and bulk density versus Groups 1-5 FIA in the three stages, respectively. The points in the middle of the bars are the mean value

表2 桑通金矿热液石英和成矿流体氢氧同位素组成

Table 2 Hydrogen and oxygen isotope compositions of the hydrothermal quartz and ore-forming fluids from the Sangthong gold deposit

成矿阶段	样品编号	δD_V-SMOW/ ‰	δ¹⁸O_石英V-SMOW/ ‰	成矿温度/ ℃	δ¹⁸O_水V-SMOW/ ‰	采样位置
I	STB4	-69.4	16.6	227	6.5	102°13'57″ E 18°09'09″ N
	STB6	-66.9	14.4	227	4.3
II	STB1	-76.0	14.4	226	4.2
	STB5-1	-76.7	13.8	226	3.6
	STB5-2	-74.2	15.3	226	5.1
	STB5-3	-69.0	18.0	226	7.8
III	STB2	-67.7	16.3	146	0.5
	STB8	-64.4	15.3	146	-0.5

图8 桑通金矿成矿流体氢氧同位素组成

Fig.8 Calculated δD and δ18O values of ore-forming fluids from the Sangthong gold deposit

图9 3个成矿阶段各流体包裹体群的均一温度-盐度图解注:每个点代表一个FIA,伸出的十字形线段代表该FIA的均一温度和盐度范围。

Fig.9 Homogenization temperature (Th TOT) versus salinity diagram showing the evolution of the ore-forming fluids for different groups of FIA from stages I, II and III quartz

图10 成矿阶段C型包裹体最终均一温度-x(CO2)二元图解虚线代表35 MPa条件下,H2O-盐度w(NaCleq)12%体系和H2O-盐度w(NaCleq)20%体系的气、液、气液混合相区间,相图引自文献[50]。相缩写:g—气相;l—液相。

Fig.10 Homogenization temperature (Th TOT) versus calculated equivalent mole fraction CO2 of type C inclusions in stage II

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老挝琅勃拉邦—泰国黎府成矿带中段桑通金矿成矿流体特征与演化

Nature and evolution of ore-forming fluids of the Sangthong gold deposit in the middle section of the Luang Prabang (Laos)-Loei (Thailand) metallogenic belt

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