地学前缘 ›› 2020, Vol. 27 ›› Issue (6): 1-27.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.6.15
收稿日期:
2020-03-19
修回日期:
2020-05-27
出版日期:
2020-11-02
发布日期:
2020-11-02
通讯作者:
韩健
作者简介:
舒德干(1946—),男,教授,中国科学院院士,主要从事寒武纪生命大爆发等研究。E-mail: elidgshu@nwu.edu.cn
基金资助:
Received:
2020-03-19
Revised:
2020-05-27
Online:
2020-11-02
Published:
2020-11-02
Contact:
HAN Jian
1. 澄江动物群的核心价值:动物界成型和人类基础器官诞生(本篇文章的英文版见本期第382~412页).mp4(22629KB)
摘要:
澄江动物群以富含多门类精美软躯体构造化石享誉学界,是寒武纪大爆发主幕的见证者;它亲眼目睹了地球动物树上几乎所有主要门类祖先的首次大聚会。对该动物群30多年的大规模调查研究大体上可以划分为3个阶段。始自1984年的第一个10年(1984—1994年),早期动物树上的基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界的大量门类被发现,然而对后口动物亚界全然无知。第二个10年研究(1995—2005年),基础动物亚界和原口动物亚界中的更多门类被发现;而最重要的进展,是西北大学团队主导的早期后口动物大发现使后口动物亚界的基本框架被构建,由此地球三分动物树首次成型。第三个10年及其以后时期(2005年之后),3个动物亚界中进一步添加了一些新的门类认知;综合20世纪40年代以来对埃迪卡拉生物群、寒武纪第一世和第二世的珍稀动物群研究成果,学界开始思考三分动物树分步成型与多幕式寒武纪大爆发事件的内在关联,提出了三幕式寒武纪大爆发新假说。澄江动物群研究具有多方面的科学价值,包括动物群结构研究,生态环境研究等,然其核心学术价值主要集中在如下两个方面:(1)作为寒武纪大爆发的主幕见证者,澄江动物群首次创建了地球上三分动物树的完整谱系框架。三幕式寒武纪大爆发假说揭示了地球上动物门类由低等到高等、分阶段爆发创造的本质内涵,即历时约0.4亿年的三幕式寒武纪大爆发与动物树阶段性快速成型的内在耦合性。第一幕发生于埃迪卡拉纪晚期,它诞生了众多基础动物亚界门类(包括大量绝灭门类),也可能出现了少量原口动物的先驱分子;第二幕发生于寒武纪的第一世,除了延续基础动物门类的繁盛外,更创生了原口动物亚界里的主要门类(包括蜕皮类和触手担轮类);第三幕发生于寒武纪第二世(以澄江动物群为代表),不仅延续了基础动物和原口动物门类的兴盛,更重要的是诞生了后口动物亚界里的所有门类。至此,整个三分动物树的框架成型,寒武纪大爆发创新事件宣告基本结束。文章还对几个重要动物类群的生物学属性进行了评述。第一鱼昆明鱼目是已知唯一的最古老脊椎动物,而云南虫、海口虫既不是脊椎动物(即高等脊索动物),也不属于低等脊索动物,而是一类特殊的低等后口动物;长江海鞘是可信的始祖尾索动物,它支持了经典的尾索动物起源假说;古虫动物门首创鳃裂构造,对后口动物亚界的起源探索提供了关键信息。(2)澄江动物群具有深刻的人文哲学意义,所发现的古虫动物门创造的“第一鳃裂”,昆明鱼目创造的“第一头脑”“第一脊椎”“第一心脏”,为达尔文在《人类的由来》中关于人类的主要基础器官起源悬案的破解提供了关键证据。澄江动物群承上启下,其各种形态解剖学信息对解读埃迪卡拉生物群以及寒武纪相关化石库中绝大多数生物类型都具有重要的参考价值。
中图分类号:
舒德干, 韩健. 澄江动物群的核心价值:动物界成型和人类基础器官诞生[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(6): 1-27.
SHU Degan, HAN Jian. Core value of the Chengjiang fauna: formation of the animal kingdom and the birth of basic human organs[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(6): 1-27.
图1 澄江动物群部分基础动物及原口动物化石 a—分类不明化石中华先光海葵(Xianguangia sinica);b—文德生物美妙春光虫(Stromatoveris psygmoglena);c—触手担轮类动物精美玉玕囊形贝(Yuganotheca elegans);d—内肛动物瘤状杯形虫(Cotyledion tylodes);e—软体动物干群凤蝶威瓦西虫(Wiwaxia papilio);f—软舌螺类丰满三槽螺(Triplicatella opimus);g—受伤愈合的节肢动物中间型始莱德利基虫(Eoredlichia intermedia);h—节肢动物延长抚仙湖虫(Fuxianhuia protensa);i—射齿类刺钳里拉虾(Lyrarapax unguispinus);j—叶足动物中华微网虫(Microdictyon sinicum);k—叶足动物仙人掌滇虫(Diania cactiformis);l—毛颚动物丝路束刺虫(Ankalodous sericus);m—毛颚动物多刺原始箭虫 (Protosagitta spinosa);n—环节动物古扇虫(Ipoliknus avitus)(图中e,f,g,i,l,m,n分别来自文献[42],[43],[44],[45],[46],[47],[47])。
Fig.1 Some basal animals and protostomes from the Chengjiang fauna
图2 澄江动物群典型后口动物化石 a—楔形古虫(Vetulicola cuneata);b,c—长方形古虫(Vetulicola rectangulata);d—皇冠西大动物种(Xidazoon stephanus);e—郝氏地大动物(Didazoon haoae);f—美丽北大动物(Beidazoon venustum);g—缺环古囊虫(Vetulocystis catenata);h—尖山滇池古囊虫(Dianchicystis jianshanensis);i—好运华夏鳗(Cathaymyrus diadexus);j—始祖长江海鞘(Cheungkongella ancestralis);k—铅色云南虫(Yunnanozoon lividum);l—尖山海口虫(Haikouella jianshanensis);m—凤姣昆明鱼(Myllokunmingia fengjiaoa);n—耳材村海口鱼(Haikouichthys ercaicunensis);o—长吻钟健鱼(Zhongjianichthys rostratus)(图中a,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,m,o分别来自文献[56],[57],[53],[56],[58],[52],[59],[54],[60],[51],[55],[59])。
Fig.2 Deuterostomes from the Chengjiang fauna
图6 基于分子生物学和古生物学证据的三幕式寒武纪大爆发假说(据文献[141]修改) 粗条代表已有的化石记录时间范围,细线代表分子生物学、古生物学推测的祖先起源时间。
Fig.6 The hypothesis of the three-episode Cambrian explosion based on molecular and paleontological evidence. Modified after[141].
图8 陕南寒武纪最早期宽川铺生物群中的皱囊虫 A,B—扫描电镜观察到的不同标本的侧视图(A)(ELIXX99-237)和侧腹视图(B)(ELIXX-67-126);C,D—皱囊虫的侧视和腹视复原图(据文献[184]修改)。
Fig.8 Saccorhytus from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota of southern Shaanxi. The side and top views of Sacchorhytus in (C,D) are modified from [184].
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