长江中下游成矿带铁-铜成矿系统结构的地球物理探测: 综合分析

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.3.18

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

成矿系统是在深部过程驱动下形成的、具有自组织的能量及物质迁移-汇聚系统。系统在形成和演化过程中,在岩石圈不同尺度上留下“痕迹”,这种“痕迹”可以通过地球物理、地球化学和遥感等方法进行探测或观测。文章尝试在成矿系统理论框架下,对近10多年来在长江中下游成矿带进行的多尺度地球物理、地球化学探测结果进行分析,识别典型陆内成矿系统“源区”“通道”“场所”的地球物理、地球化学“痕迹”,尝试构建陆内成矿系统的空间结构模型。主要结论有:(1)长江中下游晚中生代的大规模铁、铜多金属成矿作用是一个完整的成矿系统。该系统包括3个子系统,分别为与高钾钙碱性岩浆岩有关的夕卡岩-斑岩成矿子系统、与橄榄安粗岩有关的陆相火山岩铁(硫)成矿子系统和与碱性岩有关的铜-金(铀)成矿子系统。(2)成矿系统的“源区”来自富集地幔的熔融、底侵,并在壳/幔边界与下地壳物质的混合,具有多级分布特点。幔源岩浆与地壳物质混合的比例决定了成矿金属的类型。(3)成矿带发育的“鳄鱼嘴”构造是铁铜成矿系统的主干“通道”。成矿系统“末端”矿质沉淀的“场所”主要受近地表褶皱、断裂、层间滑脱断层,以及由它们形成的断裂(裂隙)网络控制。(4)区域磁异常、放射性和地球化学异常是成矿系统残留“痕迹”的响应和“标识”。通过分析不同尺度的“标识”特征,可以深入认识成矿系统的空间结构,并可用于深部成矿预测。

关键词: 长江中下游成矿带, 岩石圈结构, 深部过程, 成矿系统, 地球物理探测

Abstract:

Mineral systems driven by deep Earth processes are self-organized critical systems involving the transfer and accumulation of mass and energy. During the formation and evolution of such a system, “fingerprints” are left at different scales across the lithosphere, which can be detected or observed through geophysical, geochemical, and remote sensing methods. In this study, we first analysed multi-scale geophysical and geochemical data over the last decade from the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt. Based on the theoretical framework of a deep-seated mineral system, we then attempted to identify the geophysical and geochemical “fingerprints” for the source, channel, and site of a typical intracontinental mineral system. Finally, we attempt to establish a structural model of the mineral system. We concluded that the Late Mesozoic large-scale Fe-Cu polymetallic mineralization in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt may be considered a holistic mineral system, consisting of three subsystems: (1)a skarn-porphyry subsystem related to high-K calc-alkaline magmatic rocks,(2) a terrestrial volcanic iron (sulphur) subsystem related to shoshonite formation, and (3) a Cu-Au (uranium) subsystem related to alkaline rocks. The source area of the mineral system was derived from the melting and underplating of an enriched mantle and subsequent multi-level mixing with lower crustal materials at the crust/mantle boundary. The type of metal formed depended upon the mixing ratio of the mantle-derived magma and crust materials. Moreover, the “crocodile” structure developed in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt is the main channel of the Fe-Cu mineral system. The site of ore precipitation (“termination” of the mineral system)was predominantly controlled by near-surface folds, faults, interlayer detachment faults, and their resultant fracture network. Regional magnetic, radioactive, and geochemical data are the signatures (or “fingerprints”) of a mineral system; by analysing these multi-scale signatures, we can deepen our understanding of the spatial structures of mineral systems and effectively predict deep targets.

Key words: Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, lithosphere architecture, deep processes, mineral system, geophysical exploration

中图分类号:

吕庆田, 孟贵祥, 严加永, 张昆, 龚雪婧, 高凤霞. 长江中下游成矿带铁-铜成矿系统结构的地球物理探测: 综合分析[J]. 地学前缘, 2020, 27(2): 232-253.

LÜ Qingtian, MENG Guixiang, YAN Jiayong, ZHANG Kun, GONG Xuejing, GAO Fengxia. The geophysical exploration of Mesozoic iron-copper mineral system in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt: a synthesis[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2020, 27(2): 232-253.

图/表 11

图1 长江中下游成矿带区域地质及铁、铜多金属矿床分布图 TLF:郯庐断裂;XHF:响水—淮阴断裂;XLF:信阳—六安断裂;XMF:晓天—磨子潭断裂;SMF:商城—麻城断裂;XGF:襄樊—广济断裂;JNF:江南断裂;JHF:景德镇—黄山断裂;GDBF:赣东北断裂。图1仅给出了传统长江中下游成矿带的矿床分布,大别和江南造山带的矿床没有显示。图中Line SP和Lina An 为大地电磁剖面位置;黑、绿、蓝色圆圈分别代表铁、铜和铅锌矿床位置。

Fig. 1 Regional geological map and distribution of iron and copper multi-metal deposits in metallogenic belt of Middle and Lower Yangtze River

图2 长江中下游地区P波远震层析成像三维速度透视图(据文献[50]) 图中速度体分别以vP异常0.5%和-0.5%勾画。(a)—自西南方向观测;(b)—自西北方向观测。蓝色和黄色分别代表高速体和低速体,底图为研究区域内的地形图,红色曲线代表不同的断层。

Fig. 2 Three-dimensional velocity perspective image of P-wave teleseismic tomography in metallogenic belt of Middle and Lower Yangtze River. Adapted from [50].

图3 穿过长江中下游成矿带中段的电性结构剖面(据文献[55]) 莫霍面[47]和岩石圈底界[54]深度据地震速度结果推测,长江深断裂和主逆冲断裂由深反射地震结果推测[17]。(a)宿松—鄱阳50 km深度电阻率剖面;(b)宿松—鄱阳150 km深度电阻率剖面;(c)安庆50 km深度电阻率剖面;(d)安庆150 km深度电阻率剖面。剖面位置见图1。

Fig. 3 Electrical structure sections across metallogenic belt of Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River. Adapted from [55].

图4 长江中下游地区重力反演的Moho面分布(据文献[64]) 断裂名称同图1。

Fig. 4 Moho surface distribution of Middle and Lower Yangtze River area derived from gravity inversion. Adapted from [64].

图5 重力异常Worms技术边缘检测结果(据文献[68]) 1—第四系;2—河流;3—三叠纪灰岩;4—志留纪粉砂岩;5—奥陶纪灰岩、白云岩;6—寒武纪页岩、灰岩;7—中元古代浅变质岩;8—中元古代变质岩;9—古元古代变质岩;10—太古宙片麻岩;11—晚侏罗世火山岩;12—中侏罗世闪长岩、花岗岩;13—晚侏罗—早白垩世花岗岩、闪长岩。

Fig. 5 Edge detection results derived from Worms techniques of gravity anomaly. Adapted from [68].

图6 长江中下游成矿带及邻区1∶200 000航磁化极异常与矿床分布图中白色方框为图7(a)、(b)的范围,断裂及矿床类型同图1。

Fig. 6 Aeromagnetic anomalies in scale of 1∶200000 and deposit distribution in metallogenic belt of Middle and Lower Yangtze River and adjacent area

图7 庐枞矿集区及典型矿区磁异常立体图像 (a)1∶50 000航磁化极异常;(b)高通滤波后的局部异常;(c)罗河—泥河矿区的1∶10 000磁异常;(d)罗河—泥河矿区1∶10 000重力异常。图7(a)中白色方框为图7(c)、(d)的范围。

Fig. 7 Stereoscopic image of aeromagnetic anomalies of Lu-Zong mineral district and typical ore field

图8 长江中下游成矿带及邻区元素地球化学异常图(数据来自文献[73]) a-h分别是Cu、Au、Pb、Zn、Ag、Fe、W、Mo元素异常图。

Fig. 8 Geochemical anomalies map of elements in Middle and Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt and adjacent area. Date adapted from [73].

图9 庐枞矿集区推断的构造断裂系统及综合地球物理剖面位置(据文献[19]) 1~15分别为第四系—太古宇地层;15,16—燕山期中酸性、碱性侵入岩;17—超高压岩石;18—矿床;19—主要断裂;20—推断主要断层;21—断层;22,23—反射地震和MT测线;24—推测早中侏罗世盆地。TLF—郯庐断裂;CHF—滁河断裂;CTF—长江逆冲断裂;QKD—潜山—孔城坳陷。①—罗河—缺口断裂(BF1);②—仪津—陶家巷断裂(BF3);③—陶家湾—施家湾断裂(BF2);④—庐江—黄姑闸—铜陵拆离断层(LHTD);⑤—枞阳—黄屯基底断裂(CFZ);⑥—汤家院—砖桥断裂。剖面数字为CDP点号。

Fig. 9 Interpreted structural fault system of Lu-Zong ore district showing locations of integrated geophysical profiles. Adapted from [19].

图10 庐枞矿集区位场边缘检测结果(据文献[19]) a—重力异常边缘检测结果;b—磁异常边缘检测结果。

Fig. 10 Results of edge detection of potential field from Lu-Zong ore district. Adapted from [19].

图11 庐-枞火山岩区“多级岩浆流体系统”模型(据文献[73]) 模型说明壳内岩浆系统演化的3个深度:首先幔源岩浆底侵在壳幔边界,发生MASH过程;然后岩浆向上侵位于韧性-脆性过渡带形成二级岩浆房;最后是受断裂网络控制的三级岩浆房。

Fig. 11 Model illustrating multi-level magmatic fluid system beneath Lu-Zong volcanic area. Adapted from [73].

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