地学前缘 ›› 2018, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (2): 1-14.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.2018.02.001

• 区域地质与盆地 • 上一篇    下一篇

非洲地区盆地演化与油气分布

张光亚,余朝华,陈忠民,张荻萩,温志新,黄彤飞,王彦奇,刘小兵,马锋,赵健   

  1. 1. 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083
    2. 中国石油经济技术研究院, 北京100724
  • 收稿日期:2017-09-10 修回日期:2017-10-20 出版日期:2018-03-15 发布日期:2018-03-15
  • 作者简介:张光亚(1962—),男,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事盆地构造分析和石油地质综合研究工作。E-mail:zgy@petrochina.com.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技重大专项“大型油气田及煤层气开发”(2011ZX05028);中国石油天然气股份有限公司科技专项“全球油气资源评价与利用研究”(2013E-0501);中国石油天然气集团有限公司重大科技项目“苏丹Muglad盆地精细勘探领域评价与目标优选”(2015D-0909)

Tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon distribution in African basins.

ZHANG Guangya,YU Zhaohua,CHEN Zhongmin,ZHANG Diqiu,WEN Zhixin,HUANG Tongfei,WANG Yanqi,LIU Xiaobing,MA Feng,ZHAO Jian   

  1. 1. PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, Beijing 100083, China
    2. CNPC Economics & Technology Research Institute, Beijing 100724, China
  • Received:2017-09-10 Revised:2017-10-20 Online:2018-03-15 Published:2018-03-15

摘要: 非洲地区盆地整体勘探程度较低,待发现资源量大,是当前油气勘探开发的热点地区之一。非洲板块在显生宙主要经历了冈瓦纳大陆形成、整体运动和裂解3个构造演化阶段,形成多种不同类型的盆地。通过板块构造演化和原型盆地研究及石油地质综合分析,明确了不同类型盆地的构造特征与油气富集规律。北非克拉通边缘盆地形成于古生代早期,受海西运动影响,油气主要富集在挤压背景下形成的大型穹隆构造之中,以古生界含油气系统为主;北非边缘裂谷盆地海西运动之后普遍经历了裂谷和沉降,裂谷期各盆地沉降幅度和沉降中心的差异导致了油气成藏模式和资源潜力的差异;东、西非被动陆缘盆地形成于中生代潘吉亚大陆的解体、大西洋和印度洋张裂的过程中,西非被动陆缘盆地普遍发育含盐地层,形成盐上和盐下两套含油气系统,东非被动陆缘盆地结构差异较大,油气分布主要受盆地结构控制;中西非裂谷系是经历早白垩世、晚白垩世和古近纪3期裂谷作用而形成的陆内裂谷盆地,受晚白垩世非洲板块与欧亚板块碰撞的影响,近东西向展布盆地抬升剧烈,油气主要富集在下白垩统,北西南东向盆地受影响较弱,油气主要富集在上白垩统和古近系之中;新生代东非裂谷系盆地和红海盆地形成时间相对较晚,以新生界含油气系统为主,新生代三角洲盆地中油气分布主要受三角洲砂(扇)体展布和盆地结构所控制。

关键词: 非洲板块, 盆地演化, 油气分布, 资源潜力

Abstract: The African sedimentary basins, with relatively low degree of exploration and huge undiscovered hydrocarbon reserve, are the present hot spots for oil and gas exploration. The African Plate mainly experienced three tectonic evolution stages during Phanerozoic, during which the forming, drifting and breaking up of the Gondwanaland led to the development of several types of African basins. Based on our basin study of tectonic evolution and prototype and petroleum geological analysis, the structural characteristics and rules of hydrocarbon accumulation in different types of rifts are determined as follows. The pericratonic basins in North Africa initiated in the early Paleozoic, in which hydrocarbons mainly distributed in the huge dome structures, formed under the compression of the Hercynian movement, and the Paleozoic petroleum system dominated in the pericratonic basins. The continental margin rift basins in North Africa experienced rifting and subsidence after the Hercynian movement, and the differences in subsidence intensity and depocenter led to diversity in hydrocarbon accumulation and resource potential. The passive margin rift basins in the East and West Africa formed during the Pangea paleoplate breakup and Atlantic and Indian Ocean rifting: in the west, saliferous formations are widely distributed with two petroleum systems developed above and below the saline formations, respectively; in the east, hydrocarbon distribution is heterogenous and controlled primarily by the structural architectures of the basins. The intraplate Central and West Africa rift basins experienced three periods of rifting, i.e, the Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous and Paleogene. The EW striking basins were uplifted intensely under compression from the collision of the African and Eurasian Plates in the Late Cretaceous; as a result, hydrocarbons accumulated primarily in the Lower Cretaceous. The NWSE striking basins, slightly affected by the collision, have hydrocarbon distributions mainly in the Upper CretaceousPaleogene. Finally, the eastern African rift basins and the Red Sea basin are newly formed Cenozoic basins with dominant Cenozoic petroleum system. The hydrocarbon in the Cenozoic delta basins is controlled by fan delta sand body distribution and basin architecture.

Key words:  African Plate, tectonic evolution, hydrocarbon distribution, resource potential

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