深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.10

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (5): 320-336.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.8.10

• “印度-欧亚大陆碰撞及其远程效应”专栏 • 上一篇下一篇

深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

GAO Rui¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), ZHOU Hui¹, GUO Xiaoyu¹^,^*(), LU Zhanwu²^,^*(), LI Wenhui², WANG Haiyan², LI Hongqiang², XIONG Xiaosong³, HUANG Xingfu⁵, XU Xiao¹

1.School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2.Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3.Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4.School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
5.College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China

收稿日期:2021-07-15 接受日期:2021-08-05 出版日期:2021-09-25 发布日期:2021-08-27
通讯作者: GUO Xiaoyu,LU Zhanwu
作者简介:GAO Rui(1950-),Male,Professor ( Academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences), Geophysicist. E-mail: gaorui66@mail.sysu.edu.cn

Deep seismic reflection evidence on the deep processes of tectonic construction of the Tibetan Plateau

GAO Rui¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), ZHOU Hui¹, GUO Xiaoyu¹^,^*(), LU Zhanwu²^,^*(), LI Wenhui², WANG Haiyan², LI Hongqiang², XIONG Xiaosong³, HUANG Xingfu⁵, XU Xiao¹

1. School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
2. Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
3. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037, China
4. School of Earth Exploration Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun 130026, China
5. College of Earth Sciences, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China

Received:2021-07-15 Accepted:2021-08-05 Online:2021-09-25 Published:2021-08-27
Contact: GUO Xiaoyu,LU Zhanwu

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

印度板块与亚洲板块的碰撞使喜马拉雅-青藏高原隆升,地壳增厚和生长扩展。探测青藏高原深部结构,揭露两个大陆如何碰撞,碰撞如何使大陆变形的过程,是全球关切的科学奥秘。深地震反射剖面探测是打开这个科学奥秘的最有效途径之一。20多年来,运用这项高技术探测到青藏高原巨厚地壳的精细结构,攻克了难以得到下地壳和Moho清晰结构的技术瓶颈,揭露了陆陆碰撞过程。本文在探测研究成果基础上,从青藏高原南北-东西对比,再到高原腹地,系统地综述了青藏高原之下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞-俯冲的深部行为。印度地壳在高原南缘俯冲在喜马拉雅造山带之下,亚洲板块的阿拉善地块岩石圈在北缘向祁连山下俯冲,祁连山地壳向外扩展,塔里木地块与高原西缘的西昆仑发生面对面的碰撞,在高原东缘发现龙日坝断裂而不是龙门山断裂是扬子板块的西缘边界,高原腹地Moho 薄而平坦,岩石圈伸展垮塌。多条深反射剖面揭露了在雅鲁藏布江缝合带下印度板块与亚洲板块碰撞的行为,印度地壳不仅沿雅鲁藏布江缝合带存在由西向东的俯冲角度变化,而且其向北行进到拉萨地体内部的位置也不同。在缝合带中部,显示印度地壳上地壳与下地壳拆离,上地壳向北仰冲,下地壳向北俯冲,并在俯冲过程发生物质的回返与构造叠置,使印度地壳减薄,喜马拉雅地壳加厚。俯冲印度地壳前缘与亚洲地壳碰撞后沉入地幔,处于亚洲板块前缘的冈底斯岩基与特提斯喜马拉雅近于直立碰撞,冈底斯下地壳呈部分熔融状态,近乎透明的弱反射和局部出现的亮点反射,以及近于平的Moho都反映出亚洲板块南缘的伸展构造环境。

关键词: 喜马拉雅-青藏高原, 陆陆碰撞, 大陆俯冲, 深部过程, 深地震反射剖面

Abstract:

The collision between the Indian and Asian plates uplifted the Himalayan- Tibetan Plateau, thickening and expanding the crust. It is a scientific mystery of global concern as how the two continents collide and how the continent-continent collision deforms the continent. Deep seismic reflection profile detection is one of the most effective ways to unlock this scientific mystery. For more than 20 years using this technology, we have detected fine structures of the thick crust of the Tibetan plateau after overcoming technical bottlenecks to access the lower crust and Moho thus revealing the continental collision processes. This paper systematically summarizes the deep behaviors of the India-Asia collision and subduction beneath the Tibetan Plateau, from south to north, east to west and further into the hinterland of the plateau. The Indian crust undergoes underthrusting beneath the Himalayan orogenic belt on the southern margin of the plateau. Meanwhile, the lithosphere of the Alxa block in the Asian plate subducts southward beneath the Qilian Mountain in the north of the plateau, driving the northward overthrusting of the Qilian crust. Additionally, the Tarim and West Kunlun blocks undergo face-to-face collision in the northwestern margin of the plateau. In the easternmost part of the plateau, the Longriba fault, instead of the Longmen Shan fault zone, marks the western margin of the Yangtze block. It is also seismically evidenced that the Moho geometry in the plateau’s hinterland appears thin and flat, indicating lithospheric collapse and extrusion. Multiple deep reflection profiles revealed the collisional behavior under the Yalung-Zangbo suture zone and longitudinal variation in subducting geometry of the Indian crust from west to the east. In the middle of the suture zone, it shows a decoupling between the upper and lower crusts of the Indian plate, where the upper crust undergoes a northward overthrusting while the lower one experiences a northward underthrusting. It is also seismically evidenced a down-and southward crustal duplexing of the subducting Indian crust thickening the northern Himalayas, leaving over a thinning subducting lower crust of the Indian slab. The subduction front of the Indian crust collides with the lower crust of the Asian plate at the mantle depth. A near-vertical collision boundary is seen between the Gangdese batholith and the Tethyan Himalayas, where the Gangdese batholith shows almost transparent weak reflections in the lower crust with localized bright spot reflection that indicates partial melting. Additionally, the near-flat Moho geometry implies an extensional tectonic environment of the southern margin of the Asian plate.

Key words: Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau, continent-continent collision, continental underthrusting, deep processes, deep seismic reflection profile

GAO Rui, ZHOU Hui, GUO Xiaoyu, LU Zhanwu, LI Wenhui, WANG Haiyan, LI Hongqiang, XIONG Xiaosong, HUANG Xingfu, XU Xiao. 深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(5): 320-336.

GAO Rui, ZHOU Hui, GUO Xiaoyu, LU Zhanwu, LI Wenhui, WANG Haiyan, LI Hongqiang, XIONG Xiaosong, HUANG Xingfu, XU Xiao. Deep seismic reflection evidence on the deep processes of tectonic construction of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(5): 320-336.

图/表 9

Fig.1 Status of deep seismic reflection profiling in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau as of the end of 2019. Sections outlined by the red and black lines are completed by the Lithosphere Research Center, Institute of Geology, CAGS (1, after [13-14]; 2, after [15]; 3, after [16-19]; 4, after [20-21]; 5, after [22-23]; 6, after [24-25]; 7, after [26-27]; 8, after [28-29]; 9, after [30]; 10, after [31-33]; 11, after [34-35]; 12, after [36]; 13, after [37]; 14, after [38]; 15, after [39]; 16, after [40-41]; 17, after [42]; 18, after [43]; 19-20, after [44-45]; 21-22, unpublished). Sections outlined by the yellow line are completed by INDEPTH (after [10-11]) and CEA (after [46-47]).

Fig.2 Evidence of Indian crustal subduction beneath the Himalayas as revealed by INDEPTH-Ⅰ deep seismic reflection profile. Left: unmigrated time profile (after [10]) using two-way time ordinate. Right: cartoon of the structure. Abbreviations: MBT, Main Boundary Thrust fault; MCT, Main Central Thrust fault; STD, South Tibet Detachment. Location of the profile is shown in Fig.1.

Fig.3 Deep seismic reflection profile (left) and tectonic interpretation of the North Qilian-Hexi Corridor (right) (modified after [48]). Symbols: White triangle—strong reflection axis in lateral continuity, representing shallow sedimentary strata; Red triangle—strong reflection axis which can be tracked intermittently in the transverse direction, representing slip layer in the shell; Black triangle—short near horizontal reflection axis in the middle and lower crust; Green triangle—reflection axis of lower and middle crust sloping southward; Blue triangle—strongly reflective Moho. Other features: Blue vertical line—Moho conversion band; Black dotted lines—a series of thrusting faults that truncate the main reflection axis; Thick black dotted line—Moho; Green circles with letters—transparent reflection areas; Solid red line—the North Border Thrust (NBT) fault (see [18-19]). The location of the crustal subduction profile of the Alxa block toward the lower Qilian Mountain along the NBT is shown in section 3 in Fig.1.

Fig.4 The West Kunlun-Tarim deep seismic reflection profile (left) and face-to-face tectonic model interpretation (right) (modified from [55]). Left: time migration section reprocessed in 2015, using two way time (s) and CDP number (spacing of 25 m) as the ordinate and lateral coordinates, respectively. The blue dashed line describes the main seismic phase, beneath the 6 s (TWT), with West Kunlun and Tarim getting together in a face-to-face shape in the lower crust. Right: two models for structural interpretation: (a) The lower crust of West Kunlun is an extension of the lower crust subduction of the India plate, colliding with Tarim; (b) The lower crust of West Kunlun is the return part of the subduction of the lower crust of the Indian plate, forming a new superimposed Moho while colliding with the Tarim basin. The location map is shown in section 1 in Fig.1.

Fig.5 The Longmenshan Deep Seismic Reflection Section (Zoegay-Sichuan basin) (see section 12 in Fig.1 for location). Above: linedraw map of the deep seismic reflection section, with two-way time ordinate on the left and reference depth ordinate on the right, given the average crustal velocity of 6.00 km/s. Below: enlargement of the figure above, showing the lower crust of the Yangtze River is cut by the Longriba fault belt from the Sichuan basin through Longmenshan to the west (a) and the Wenchuan-Maowen fault has a flower-like strike slip structure extending downward and cutting through Moho (b). Abbreviations: SGT, Songpan Ganzi terrane; YB, Yangtze block; LRQF, longriqu fault (right branch of the Longriba fault zone); PGF, Pengguan fault; MJF, Minjiang fault; WMF, Wenchuan-Maowen fault; BCF, Beichuan fault.

Fig.6 Deep seismic reflection profile in the central Tibetan Plateau (North Lhasa terrain -BNS-Qiangtang terrain) (see section 8 in Fig.1 for location). Above: linedraw map of the reflection section of the Bangong-Nujiang suture (BNS), with two-way time ordinate and latitude abscissa. Below: enlarged seismic image of Moho in the BNS, where Moho appears at 24 s at the northernmost of the South Lhasa terrane and at 22 s in the Qiangtang terrane on the north side of the suture zone, showing a 2 s offset on the north and south sides of the suture zone. Moho uplifted at 20-21 s and distributed nearly horizontally in the interior of the Qiangtang terrane.

Fig.8a Linedraw map of single shot gathers of deep seismic reflection profile across the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone, showing two large-shot gathers (Nos. 102482 and 104282, each explosive is 2000 kg) in the West Xietongmen section. The location of the profile is shown in section 15 in Fig.1 (black section in [66]). The ordinate is two-way time, extending downward to 30 s (TWT) at 94.50 km depth, estimated according to the average crustal velocity of 6.30 km/s[77]. The abscissa shows the location of the two large shot gathers in CDP arrangement. The image shows that the Indian crust subducted under the Gangdese, colliding with the Asian crust, and the mantle of the two continents has been sutured (see text for more explanation).

Fig.7 Deep seismic reflection profile across the Kunlun fault (location see section 5 in Fig.1). Above: an unexplained deep reflection profile spanning the Zoige basin, West Qinling orogenic belt and Linxia basin, with a total length of 260 km[70]. Below: interpreted reflection profile, estimated using the average crustal velocity of 6.00 km/s. Abbreviations: UD, upper detachment fault; MD, middle detachment fault; LD, lower detachment fault.

Fig.8b Linedraw map and interpretation of the deep seismic reflection profile of the Tethys Himalaya Yarlung Zangbo suture-Gangdese batholith, with all data on the West Xietongmen section. The black line is the sketch line, and the blue line is the frame line for interpretation. The abscissa is expressed by the distance (km), and the total length is 105 km from the south end of the profile. The positions of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone and Gangdese batholith are shown in Figs.8a, b. The positions of the two large shot gathers are indicated by the red stars. The 102482 shot is located in the Tethys Himalayan tectonic belt, 10 km away from the southern boundary of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone. The 104282 shot is located 35 km north of the Yarlung Zangbo suture zone entering the Gangdese batholith.

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深地震反射剖面揭露青藏高原陆-陆碰撞与地壳生长的深部过程

Deep seismic reflection evidence on the deep processes of tectonic construction of the Tibetan Plateau

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