蒸发岩非传统稳定同位素研究综述

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2021.1.38

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 蒸发岩是海水/卤水蒸发浓缩的产物,不同的水化学环境下析出的蒸发岩类型不同,其在不同的地质历史时期都有分布,是重要的古海水和古环境记录载体。蒸发岩研究的主要问题包括:蒸发岩的物质来源、形成时代、蒸发盆地和卤水的演化历史、蒸发岩矿物所记录的环境变化。一些矿物、元素及同位素指标可用于解决这些问题,其中稳定同位素对于示踪蒸发岩的物质来源与形成过程具有不可替代的作用。近20年来,非传统稳定同位素地球化学获得快速发展,并在蒸发岩研究中获得成功应用,这些同位素体系包括阴离子元素B、Cl和Br,以及阳离子元素Mg、K和Ca。本文综述了多个非传统稳定同位素在蒸发岩领域的研究,主要包括:蒸发岩矿物与溶液之间的同位素分馏系数、蒸发岩的同位素信息重建古海水同位素组成及示踪蒸发岩成因和时代等。

关键词: 蒸发岩, 卤水, 古海水, 非传统稳定同位素, 同位素分馏, 示踪

Abstract: Evaporites are the product of seawater/brine concentration by evaporation. Evaporites of various types are deposited in different hydrochemical environments and distributed in different geological periods. They are important proxies for paleo-seawater and paleoenvironment. The key issues in evaporites studies include the source and formation age of evaporates, the evolutionary history of evaporative basin/brine, and environmental changes recorded by the evaporite minerals. Mineralogical and geochemical criteria (such as elemental ratio and isotopic composition) have been used to resolve these issues. Among the methods used, stable isotopes play an important role in tracing the source and formation processes of evaporites. In the past 20 years non-traditional stable isotope geochemistry has developed rapidly and been successfully applied in evaporites research. These isotope systems consist of anionic elements B, Cl, and Br, and cationic elements Mg, K, and Ca. This paper reviews the advances of several non-traditional stable isotopes in evaporites research, mainly on stable isotope fractionation between evaporite minerals and brine, reconstruction of isotopic composition of paleo-seawater, and use of isotopic information in tracing genesis and formation age of evaporites.

Key words: evaporite, brine, paleo-seawater, non-traditional stable isotope, isotope fractionation, tracing

中图分类号:

夏芝广, 胡忠亚, 刘传, 魏海珍, 李伟强. 蒸发岩非传统稳定同位素研究综述[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(6): 29-45.

XIA Zhiguang, HU Zhongya, LIU Chuan, WEI Haizhen, LI Weiqiang. Non-traditional stable isotopes in evaporite system: A research review[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(6): 29-45.

参考文献

[1] WARREN K J.Evaporites: a geological compendium, 2nd Edition[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2016: 1-1813.
[2] BĄBEL M, SCHREIBER B C. Geochemistry of evaporites and evolution of seawater[M]∥HOLLAND H D, TUREKIAN K K. Treatise on geochemistry. Oxford: Elsevier, 2014: 483-560.
[3] LOWENSTEIN T K, TIMOFEEFF M N, BRENNAN S T, et al.Oscillations in Phanerozoic seawater chemistry: evidence from fluid inclusions[J]. Science, 2001, 294: 1086-1088.
[4] HORITA J, ZIMMERMANN H, HOLLAND H D.Chemical evolution of seawater during the Phanerozoic: implications from the record of marine evaporites[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, 66(21): 3733-3756.
[5] 郑绵平, 袁鹤然, 张永生, 等. 中国钾盐区域分布与找钾远景[J]. 地质学报, 2010, 84(11): 1523-1553.
[6] 郑绵平, 张震, 张永生, 等. 我国钾盐找矿规律新认识和进展[J]. 地球学报, 2012, 33(3): 280-294.
[7] 郑绵平, 刘喜方. 中国的锂资源[J]. 新材料产业, 2007(8): 13-16.
[8] 严军, 黄小良. 青海省盐湖钾、镁、锂盐资源开发利用探讨[J]. 盐湖研究, 2002(4): 63-69.
[9] 郑学家. 硼及硼酸盐产品开发和应用前景[J]. 无机盐工业, 2005(4): 1-3.
[10] 林勇杰, 郑绵平, 刘喜方. 青藏高原盐湖硼矿资源[J]. 科技导报, 2017, 35(12): 77-82.
[11] 申军. 国内外硼矿资源及硼工业发展综述[J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2013, 42(3): 38-42.
[12] MENG F, NI P, SCHIFFBAUER J D, et al.Ediacaran seawater temperature: evidence from inclusions of Sinian halite[J]. Precambrian Research, 2011, 184: 63-69.
[13] LOWENSTEIN T K, LI J, BROWN C B.Paleotemperatures from fluid inclusions in halite: method verification and a 100000 year paleotemperature record, Death Valley, CA[J]. Chemical Geology, 1998, 150: 223-245.
[14] SUN X, ZHAO Y, LIU C, et al.Paleoclimatic information recorded in fluid inclusions in halites from Lop Nur, Western China[J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1-9.
[15] MENG F, ZHANG Y, GALAMAY A R, et al.Ordovician seawater composition: evidence from fluid inclusions in halite[J]. Geological Quarterly, 2018, 62(2): 344-352.
[16] TIMOFEEFF M N, LOWENSTEIN T K, DA SILVA M A M, et al. Secular variation in the major-ion chemistry of seawater: evidence from fluid inclusions in Cretaceous halites[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2006, 70(8): 1977-1994.
[17] PARIS G, GAILLARDET J, LOUVAT P.Geological evolution of seawater boron isotopic composition recorded in evaporites[J]. Geology, 2010, 38(11): 1035-1038.
[18] WARREN K J.Evaporites: sediments, resources and hydrocarbons[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2006: 1-1035.
[19] SANCHEZ-MORAL S, SALVADOR O, DEL-CURA M Á, et al. Penecontemporaneous diagenesis in continental saline sediments: bloeditization in Quero playa lake (La Mancha, Central Spain)[J]. Chemical Geology, 1998, 149: 189-207.
[20] SCHREIBER B, HELMAN M.Criteria for distinguishing primary evaporite features from deformation features in sulfate evaporites[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2005, 75: 525-533.
[21] WILGUS C, HOLSER W.Marine and nonmarine salts of Western Interior, United States[J]. Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 1984, 68: 765-767.
[22] SMOOT J P, LOWENSTEIN T K.Depositional environments of non-marine evaporites[J]. Developments in Sedimentology, 1991, 50: 189-347.
[23] 郑绵平, 张震, 尹宏伟, 等. 云南江城勐野井钾盐成矿新认识[J]. 地球学报, 2014, 35(1): 11-24.
[24] EUGSTER H, HARVIE C, WEARE J.Mineral equilibria in a six-component seawater system, Na-K-Mg-Ca-SO₄-Cl-H₂O, at 25 ℃[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1980, 44: 1335-1347.
[25] 林耀庭. 溴的地球化学习性及其在四川找钾工作中的应用[J]. 化工矿产地质, 1995, 17(3): 175-181.
[26] 李善平, 马海州, 陈有顺, 等. 老挝万象盆地钾盐矿床微量元素地球化学特征及矿床的成因[J]. 地质通报, 2010, 29(5): 760-770.
[27] 苗忠英, 郑绵平, 张雪飞, 等. 蒸发岩中硫同位素的地球化学特征及其沉积学意义: 以思茅盆地MZK-3井为例[J]. 地质学报, 2019, 93(5): 1166-1179.
[28] RAAB M, SPIRO B.Sulfur isotopic variations during seawater evaporation with fractional crystallization[J]. Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience Section, 1991, 86(4): 323-333.
[29] 张华, 刘成林, 王立成, 等. 老挝他曲盆地钾盐矿床蒸发岩硫同位素特征及成钾指示意义[J]. 地质论评, 2014, 60(4): 851-857.
[30] LI M, YAN M, FANG X, et al.Origins of the mid-cretaceous evaporite deposits of the Sakhon Nakhon Basin in Laos: evidence from the stable isotopes of halite[J]. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2018, 184: 209-222.
[31] PIERRE C.Applications of stable isotope geochemistry to study of evaporites[J]. Evaporites and Hydrocarbons, 1988: 300-344.
[32] 肖荣阁, 大井隆夫, 蔡克勤, 等. 硼及硼同位素地球化学在地质研究中的应用[J]. 地学前缘, 1999, 6(2): 168-175.
[33] LI W, BEARD B L, JOHNSON C M.Exchange and fractionation of Mg isotopes between epsomite and saturated MgSO₄ solution[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2011, 75(7): 1814-1828.
[34] LI W, KWON K D, LI S, et al.Potassium isotope fractionation between K-salts and saturated aqueous solutions at room temperature: laboratory experiments and theoretical calculations[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2017, 214: 1-13.
[35] HENSLEY T.Calcium isotopic variation in marine evaporites and carbonates: applications to late Miocene Mediterranean brine chemistry and late Cenozoic calcium cycling in the oceans[D]. San Diego: University of California, 2006.
[36] FUJITANI T, YAMASHITA K, NUMATA M, et al.Measurement of chlorine stable isotopic composition by negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry using total evaporation technique[J]. Geochemical Journal, 2010, 44(3): 241-246.
[37] XIAO Y K, ZHOU Y M, LIU W G.Precise measurement of chlorine isotopes based on Cs₂Cl² by thermal ionization mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical Letters, 1995, 28: 1295-1304.
[38] EGGENKAMP H G M.δ³⁷Cl: the geochemistry of chlorine isotopes[D]. Utrecht: Utrecht University, 1994.
[39] SHOUAKAR-STASH O, DRIMMIE R J, FRAPE S K.Determination of inorganic chlorine stable isotopes by continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2005, 19(2): 121-127.
[40] XIAO Y K, BEARY E S, FASSETT J D.An improved method for the high-precision isotopic measurement of boron by thermal ionization mass spectrometry[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1988, 85(2): 203-213.
[41] FOSTER G L, NI Y, HALEY B, et al.Accurate and precise isotopic measurement of sub-nanogram sized samples of foraminiferal hosted boron by total evaporation NTIMS[J]. Chemical Geology, 2006, 230: 161-174.
[42] FOSTER G L.Seawater pH, pCO₂ and [$CO_{3}^{2-}$] variations in the Caribbean Sea over the last 130 kyr: a boron isotope and B/Ca study of planktic foraminifera[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, 271: 254-266.
[43] CAMERON A E, LIPPERT E L.Isotopic composition of bromine in nature[J]. Science, 1955, 121: 136-137.
[44] XIAO Y K, LIU W G, QI H P, et al.A new method for the high precision isotopic measurement of bromine by thermal ionization mass spectrometry[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1993, 123(2): 117-123.
[45] EGGENKAMP H G M, COLEMAN M L. Rediscovery of classical methods and their application to the measurement of stable bromine isotopes in natural samples[J]. Chemical Geology, 2000, 167(3): 393-402.
[46] SHOUAKAR-STASH O, FRAPE S K, DRIMMIE R J.Determination of bromine stable isotopes using continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2005, 77(13): 4027-4033.
[47] DU Y, MA T, YANG J, et al.A precise analytical method for bromine stable isotopes in natural waters by GasBench II-IRMS[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2013, 338: 50-56.
[48] WEI H, JIANG S, ZHU Z, et al.Improvements on high-precision measurement of bromine isotope ratios by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Talanta, 2015, 143: 302-306.
[49] SCHRAMM D N, TERA F, WASSERBURG G J.The isotopic abundance of ²⁶Mg and limits on ²⁶Al in the early solar system[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1970, 10(1): 44-59.
[50] HUANG F, GLESSNER J, IANNO A, et al.Magnesium isotopic composition of igneous rock standards measured by MC-ICP-MS[J]. Chemical Geology, 2009, 268(1): 15-23.
[51] GARNER E L, MACHLAN L A, BARNES I L.The isotopic composition of lithium, potasium, and rubidium in some Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, and 16 samples[C]∥Proceedings of the Sixth Lunar Science Conference, Houston, Texas, 1975: 1845-1855.
[52] HUMAYUN M, CLAYTON R N.Precise determination of the isotopic composition of potassium: application to terrestrial rocks and lunar soils[J]. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(10): 2115-2130.
[53] LI W, BEARD B, LI S.Precise measurement of stable potassium isotope ratios using a single focusing collision cell multi-collector ICP-MS[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2016, 31: 1023-1029.
[54] WANG K, JACOBSEN S B.An estimate of the bulk silicate earth potassium isotopic composition based on MC-ICPMS measurements of basalts[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2016, 178: 223-232.
[55] HU Y, CHEN X, XU Y, et al.High-precision analysis of potassium isotopes by HR-MC-ICPMS[J]. Chemical Geology, 2018, 493: 100-108.
[56] SKULAN J, DEPAOLO D J, OWENS T L.Biological control of calcium isotopic abundances in the global calcium cycle[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1997, 61(12): 2505-2510.
[57] DAI W, WANG Z, LIU Y, et al.Calcium isotope compositions of mantle pyroxenites[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2020, 270: 144-159.
[58] ROLLION-BARD C, VIGIER N, SPEZZAFERRI S.In situ measurements of calcium isotopes by ion microprobe in carbonates and application to foraminifera[J]. Chemical Geology, 2007, 244: 679-690.
[59] KAUFMANN R, LONG A, BENTLEYT H, et al.Natural chlorine isotope variations[J]. Nature, 1984, 309: 338-340.
[60] XIAO Y K, YINMING Z, QINGZHONG W, et al.A secondary isotopic reference material of chlorine from selected seawater[J]. Chemical Geology, 2002, 182(2): 655-661.
[61] CATANZARO E J, CHAMPION C E, GARNER E L, et al.Standard reference materials: Boric acid; isotopic and assay standard reference material[J]. National Bureau of Standards Special Publication, 1970, 260: 1-17.
[62] BERGLUND M, WIESER M E.Isotopic compositions of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2011, 83(2): 397-410.
[63] CATANZARO E J, MURPHY T J, GARNER E L, et al.Absolute isotopic abundance ratio and the atomic weight of bromine[J]. Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A: Physics and Chemistry, 1964, 68A(6): 593.
[64] DU Y, MA T, CHEN L, et al.Genesis of salinized groundwater in Quaternary aquifer system of coastal plain, Laizhou Bay, China: geochemical evidences, especially from bromine stable isotope[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2015, 59: 155-165.
[65] LOUVAT P, BONIFACIE M, GIUNTA T, et al.Determination of bromine stable isotope ratios from saline solutions by “Wet Plasma” MC-ICPMS including a comparison between high-and low-resolution modes, and three introduction systems[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016, 88(7): 3891-3898.
[66] EGGENKAMP H G M, LOUVAT P. A simple distillation method to extract bromine from natural water and salt samples for isotope analysis by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, 2018, 32(8): 612-618.
[67] EGGENKAMP H G M, LOUVAT P, GRIFFIOEN J, et al. Chlorine and bromine isotope evolution within a fully developed Upper Permian natural salt sequence[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 245: 316-326.
[68] EGGENKAMP H G M, LOUVAT P, AGRINIER P, et al. The bromine and chlorine isotope composition of primary halite deposits and their significance for the secular isotope composition of seawater[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 264: 13-29.
[69] ROSMAN K, TAYLOR P.Isotopic compositions of the elements 1997 (Technical Report)[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 1998, 70: 217-235.
[70] GALY A, YOFFE O, JANNEY P E, et al.Magnesium isotope heterogeneity of the isotopic standard SRM980 and new reference materials for magnesium-isotope-ratio measurements[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2003, 18(11): 1352.
[71] GALY A, BAR-MATTHEWS M, HALICZ L, et al.Mg isotopic composition of carbonate: insight from speleothem formation[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2002, 201(1): 105-115.
[72] GALY A, BELSHAW N S, HALICZ L, et al.High-precision measurement of magnesium isotopes by multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 2001, 208: 89-98.
[73] YOUNG E D, ASH R D, GALY A, et al.Mg isotope heterogeneity in the Allende meteorite measured by UV laser ablation-MC-ICPMS and comparisons with O isotopes[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2002, 66(4): 683-698.
[74] TENG F, LI W, KE S, et al.Magnesium isotopic compositions of international geological reference materials[J]. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 2015, 39(3): 329-339.
[75] LI W.Vital effects of K isotope fractionation in organisms: observations and a hypothesis[J]. Acta Geochimica, 2017, 36(3): 374-378.
[76] LI S, LI W, BEARD B L, et al.K isotopes as a tracer for continental weathering and geological K cycling[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2019, 116(18): 8740-8745.
[77] LI W, LI S, BEARD B L.Geological cycling of potassium and the K isotopic response: insights from loess and shales[J]. Acta Geochimica, 2019, 38(4): 508-516.
[78] LI W, ZHAO S, WANG X, et al.Fingerprinting hydrothermal fluids in porphyry Cu deposits using K and Mg isotopes[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2019, 63: 108-120.
[79] TULLER-ROSS B, SAVAGE P S, CHEN H, et al.Potassium isotope fractionation during magmatic differentiation of basalt to rhyolite[J]. Chemical Geology, 2019, 525: 37-45.
[80] TULLER-ROSS B, MARTY B, CHEN H, et al.Potassium isotope systematics of oceanic basalts[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 259: 144-154.
[81] TIAN Z, CHEN H, FEGLEY B, et al.Potassium isotopic compositions of howardite-eucrite-diogenite meteorites[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 266: 611-632.
[82] MORGAN L E, SANTIAGO RAMOS D P, DAVIDHEISER-KROLL B, et al. High-precision ⁴¹K/³⁹K measurements by MC-ICP-MS indicate terrestrial variability ofδ⁴¹K[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2018, 33(2): 175-186.
[83] SANTIAGO RAMOS D P, MORGAN L E, LLOYD N S, et al. Reverse weathering in marine sediments and the geochemical cycle of potassium in seawater: insights from the K isotopic composition (⁴¹K/³⁹K) of deep-sea pore-fluids[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2018, 236: 99-120.
[84] WANG K, JACOBSEN S B.Potassium isotopic evidence for a high-energy giant impact origin of the Moon[J]. Nature, 2016, 538(7626): 487-490.
[85] CHEN H, TIAN Z, TULLER-ROSS B, et al.High-precision potassium isotopic analysis by MC-ICP-MS: an inter-laboratory comparison and refined K atomic weight[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2019, 34(1): 160-171.
[86] XU Y, HU Y, CHEN X, et al.Potassium isotopic compositions of international geological reference materials[J]. Chemical Geology, 2019, 513: 101-107.
[87] LIDE D R, HAYNES W M M. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics[J]. Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures, 1996: 157-158.
[88] MEIJA J, COPLEN T, BERGLUND M, et al.Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)[J]. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 2016, 88: 265-291.
[89] GUSSONE N.Calcium stable isotope geochemistry[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2016: 1-260.
[90] LI M, LEI Y, FENG L, et al.High-precision Ca isotopic measurement using a large geometry high resolution MC-ICP-MS with a dummy bucket[J]. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 2018, 33(10): 1707-1719.
[91] KASEMANN S A, SCHMIDT D N, PEARSON P N, et al.Biological and ecological insights into Ca isotopes in planktic foraminifers as a palaeotemperature proxy[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2008, 271: 292-302.
[92] BOULYGA S F, KLÖTZLI U, STINGEDER G, et al. Optimization and application of ICPMS with dynamic reaction cell for precise determination of ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca isotope ratios[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2007, 79(20): 7753-7760.
[93] FIETZKE J, EISENHAUER A, GUSSONE N, et al.Direct measurement of ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca ratios by MC-ICP-MS using the cool plasma technique[J]. Chemical Geology, 2004, 206: 11-20.
[94] RUSSELL W A, PAPANASTASSIOU D A, TOMBRELLO T A.Ca isotope fractionation on the Earth and other solar system materials[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1978, 42(8): 1075-1090.
[95] 肖应凯, 刘卫国, 张崇耿. 盐湖中盐类矿物沉积过程中氯同位素效应的初步研究[J]. 盐湖研究, 1994(3): 35-40.
[96] EGGENKAMP H G M, KREULEN R, KOSTER VAN GROOS A F. Chlorine stable isotope fractionation in evaporites[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1995, 59(24): 5169-5175.
[97] LUO C, XIAO Y, WEN H, et al.Stable isotope fractionation of chlorine during the precipitation of single chloride minerals[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2014, 47: 141-149.
[98] LUO C, XIAO Y, MA H, et al.Stable isotope fractionation of chlorine during evaporation of brine from a saline lake[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2012, 57(15): 1833-1843.
[99] EGGENKAMP H G M, BONIFACIE M, ADER M, et al. Experimental determination of stable chlorine and bromine isotope fractionation during precipitation of salt from a saturated solution[J]. Chemical Geology, 2016, 433: 46-56.
[100] XIAO Y K, VOCKE R D, SWIHART G H, et al.Boron volatilization and its isotope fractionation during evaporation of boron solution[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1997, 69(24): 5203-5207.
[101] XIAO Y, G H S, XIAO Y, et al. A preliminary experimental study of the boron concentration in vapor and the isotopic fractionation of boron between seawater and vapor during evaporation of seawater[J]. Science in China (Series B), 2001, 44: 540-551.
[102] XIAO Y K, LI S Z, WEI H Z, et al.Boron isotopic fractionation during seawater evaporation[J]. Marine Chemistry, 2007, 103(3/4): 382-392.
[103] VENGOSH A, STARINSKY A, KOLODNY Y, et al.Boron isotope variations during fractional evaporation of sea water: new constraints on the marine vs. nonmarine debate[J]. Geology, 1992, 20(9): 799-802.
[104] LIU W G, XIAO Y K, PENG Z C, et al.Boron concentration and isotopic composition of halite from experiments and salt lakes in the Qaidam Basin[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000, 64(13): 2177-2183.
[105] FENG C, GAO C, YIN Q, et al.Tracking physicochemical conditions of evaporite deposition by stable magnesium isotopes: a case study of Late Permian Langbeinites[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2018, 19(8): 2615-2630.
[106] SHALEV N, LAZAR B, HALICZ L, et al.Mg isotope fractionation during precipitation of marine Mg-evaporites[C]. Goldschmidt Abstracts, Paris, 2017.
[107] HAROUAKA K, EISENHAUER A, FANTLE M S.Experimental investigation of Ca isotopic fractionation during abiotic gypsum precipitation[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2014, 129: 157-176.
[108] HAROUAKA K, MANSOR M, MACALADY J L, et al.Calcium isotopic fractionation in microbially mediated gypsum precipitates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2016, 184: 114-131.
[109] BLÄTTLER C L, HIGGINS J A. Calcium isotopes in evaporites record variations in Phanerozoic seawater SO₄ and Ca[J]. Geology, 2014, 42: 711-714.
[110] BRATISCH O.Bromine distribution in evaporite salt systems at 25 ℃[J]. Naturwissenschaften, 1962, 49(15): 346.
[111] EASTOE C J, LONG A, KNAUTH L P.Stable chlorine isotopes in the Palo Duro Basin, Texas: evidence for preservation of Permian evaporite brines[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1999, 63(9): 1375-1382.
[112] EGGENKAMP H G M. Comment on “Stable isotope fractionation of chlorine during the precipitation of single chloride minerals” by Luo, C. -g., Xiao, Y. -k., Wen, H. -j., Ma, H. -z., Ma, Y. -q., Zhang, Y. -l., Zhang, Y. -x. and He, M. -y. [Applied Geochemistry 47 (2014) 141-149][J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2015, 54: 111-116.
[113] LUO C, XIAO Y, WEN H, et al.Reply to the comment on the paper “Stable isotope fractionation of chlorine during the precipitation of single chloride minerals”[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2015, 54: 117-118.
[114] FAN Q, MA Y, CHENG H, et al.Boron occurrence in halite and boron isotope geochemistry of halite in the Qarhan Salt Lake, western China[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2015, 322: 34-42.
[115] SHALEV N, LAZAR B, HALICZ L, et al.Magnesium isotopic fractionation between Mg salts and brine in the course of evaporation of marine derived brines[C]. European Geosciences Union Abstract paper, Vienna, 2014.
[116] LI Y, WANG W, WU Z, et al.First-principles investigation of equilibrium K isotope fractionation among K-bearing minerals[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 264: 30-42.
[117] TAN H.Characteristics of chlorine isotope distribution and analysis on sylvinite deposit formation based on ancient salt rock in the western Tarim Basin[J]. Science in China Series D, 2005, 48(11): 1913-1920.
[118] 谭红兵, 马海洲, 张西营, 等.蒸发岩序列中氯化物盐的氯同位素分馏效应及应用:兼论塔里木盆地古代岩盐的沉积阶段[J]. 岩石学报, 2009, 25(4): 955-962.
[119] XIAO Y, LIU W, ZHOU Y, et al.Variations in isotopic compositions of chlorine in evaporation-controlled salt lake brines of Qaidam basin, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2000, 2(18): 169-177.
[120] 孙大鹏, 帅开业, 高建华, 等. 氯化物型钾盐矿床氯同位素地球化学的初步研究[J]. 现代地质, 1998(2): 80-85.
[121] TAN H, MA H, WEI H Z, et al.Chlorine, sulfur and oxygen isotopic constraints on ancient evaporite deposit in the Western Tarim Basin, China[J]. Geochemical Journal, 2006, 40: 569-577.
[122] EASTOE C J, PERYT T.Stable chlorine isotope evidence for non-marine chloride in Badenian evaporites, Carpathian mountain region[J]. Terra Nova, 1999, 11(2/3): 118-131.
[123] EASTOE C J, PERYT T M, PETRYCHENKO O Y, et al.Stable chlorine isotopes in Phanerozoic evaporites[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2007, 22(3): 575-588.
[124] SWIHART G H, MOORE P B, CALLIS E L.Boron isotopic composition of marine and nonmarine evaporite borates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1986, 50(6): 1297-1301.
[125] SPIVACK A J, EDMOND J M.Boron isotope exchange between seawater and the oceanic crust[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 1987, 51(5): 1033-1043.
[126] XIAO J, XIAO Y K, JIN Z D, et al.Boron isotope variations and its geochemical application in nature[J]. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2013, 60: 431-447.
[127] VENGOSH A, CHIVAS A R, STARINSKY A, et al.Chemical and boron isotope compositions of non-marine brines from the Qaidam Basin, Qinghai, China[J]. Chemical Geology, 1995, 120(1): 135-154.
[128] WEI H, JIANG S, TAN H, et al.Boron isotope geochemistry of salt sediments from the Dongtai Salt Lake in Qaidam Basin: Boron budget and sources[J]. Chemical Geology, 2014, 380: 74-83.
[129] KASEMANN S A, PRAVE A R, FALLICK A E, et al.Neoproterozoic ice ages, boron isotopes, and ocean acidification: implications for a snowball Earth[J]. Geology, 2010, 38(9): 775-778.
[130] JOACHIMSKI M M, SIMON L, van GELDERN R, et al. Boron isotope geochemistry of Paleozoic brachiopod calcite: implications for a secular change in the boron isotope geochemistry of seawater over the Phanerozoic[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2005, 69(16): 4035-4044.
[131] BAGHERI R, NADRI A, RAEISI E, et al.Origin of brine in the Kangan gasfield: isotopic and hydrogeochemical approaches[J]. Environmental Earth Sciences, 2014, 72(4): 1055-1072.
[132] BOSCHETTI T, TOSCANI L, SHOUAKAR-STASH O, et al.Salt waters of the northern apennine foredeep Basin (Italy): origin and evolution[J]. Aquatic Geochemistry, 2011, 17(1): 71-108.
[133] SHOUAKAR-STASH O, ALEXEEV S V, FRAPE S K, et al.Geochemistry and stable isotopic signatures, including chlorine and bromine isotopes, of the deep groundwaters of the Siberian Platform, Russia[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2007, 22(3): 589-605.
[134] EGGENKAMP H.The geochemistry of stable chlorine and bromine isotopes[M]. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2015: 1-172.
[135] TENG F.Magnesium isotope geochemistry[J]. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 2017, 82(1): 219-287.
[136] BIALIK O M, WANG X, ZHAO S, et al.Mg isotope response to dolomitization in hinterland-attached carbonate platforms: outlook ofδ²⁶Mg as a tracer of basin restriction and seawater Mg/Ca ratio[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2018, 235: 189-207.
[137] LI W, BEARD B L, LI C, et al.Experimental calibration of Mg isotope fractionation between dolomite and aqueous solution and its geological implications[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2015, 157: 164-181.
[138] GESKE A, LOKIER S, DIETZEL M, et al. Magnesium isotope composition of sabkha porewater and related (Sub-)Recent stoichiometric dolomites, Abu Dhabi (UAE)[J]. Chemical Geology, 2015, 393-394: 112-124.
[139] HU Z, HU W, WANG X, et al.Resetting of Mg isotopes between calcite and dolomite during burial metamorphism: outlook of Mg isotopes as geothermometer and seawater proxy[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2017, 208: 24-40.
[140] LI W, BIALIK O M, WANG X, et al.Effects of early diagenesis on Mg isotopes in dolomite: the roles of Mn(IV)-reduction and recrystallization[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 250: 1-17.
[141] ELDERFIELD H, SCHULTZ A.Mid-Ocean ridge hydrothermal fluxes and the chemical composition of the ocean[J]. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 1996, 24(1): 191-224.
[142] KRONBERG B I.Weathering dynamics and geosphere mixing with reference to the potassium cycle[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1985, 41(2): 125-132.
[143] BLOCH S, BISCHOFF J L.The effect of low-temperature alteration of basalt on the oceanic budget of potassium[J]. Geology, 1979, 7(4): 193-196.
[144] GARRELS R, MACKENZIE F.Evolution of sedimentary rocks[M]. New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 1971.
[145] KANG J, IONOV D A, LIU F, et al.Calcium isotopic fractionation in mantle peridotites by melting and metasomatism and Ca isotope composition of the Bulk Silicate Earth[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2017, 474: 128-137.
[146] EDWARD T TIPPER M S, TIPPER E T. Calcium isotopes in the global biogeochemical Ca cycle: implications for development of a Ca isotope proxy[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2014, 129: 148-177.
[147] TIPPER E T, GAILLARDET J, GALY A, et al. Calcium isotope ratios in the world's largest rivers: a constraint on the maximum imbalance of oceanic calcium fluxes[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2010, 24(3). https:∥doi.org/10.1029/2009GB003574.
[148] SIMON J, DEPAOLO D.Stable calcium isotopic composition of meteorites and rocky planets[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2010, 289: 457-466.
[149] WIEGAND B A, CHADWICK O, VITOUSEK P M, et al.Ca cycling and isotopic fluxes in forested ecosystems in Hawaii[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2005, 32(11): L11404.
[150] KREISSIG K, ELLIOTT T.Ca isotope fingerprints of early crust-mantle evolution[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2005, 69: 165-176.
[151] De La ROCHA C L, DEPAOLO D J. Isotopic evidence for variations in the marine calcium cycle over the Cenozoic[J]. Science, 2000, 289: 1176-1178.
[152] HOLMDEN C.Ca isotope study of Ordovician dolomite, limestone, and anhydrite in the Williston Basin: implications for subsurface dolomitization and local Ca cycling[J]. Chemical Geology, 2009, 268(3/4): 180-188.
[153] BRADBURY H J, TORFSTEIN A, WONG K, et al.The calcium isotope systematics of the Late Quaternary dead sea basin lakes[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2018, 19(11): 4260-4273.
[154] FARKAŠ J, BÖHM F, WALLMANN K, et al. Calcium isotope record of Phanerozoic oceans: implications for chemical evolution of seawater and its causative mechanisms[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2007, 71(21): 5117-5134.
[155] STEUBER T, BUHL D.Calcium-isotope fractionation in selected modern and ancient marine carbonates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2006, 70(22): 5507-5521.
[156] HEUSER A, EISENHAUER A, BÖHM F, et al. Calcium isotope (δ⁴⁴/⁴⁰Ca) variations of Neogene planktonic foraminifera[J]. Paleoceanography, 2005, 20(2): 1-13.
[157] SOUDRY D, SEGAL I, NATHAN Y, et al.⁴⁴Ca/⁴²Ca and ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd isotope variations in Cretaceous Eocene Tethyan francolites and their bearing on phosphogenesis in the southern Tethys[J]. Geology, 2004, 32(5): 389-392.
[158] SCHMITT A, STILLE P, VENNEMANN T.Variations of the ⁴⁴Ca/⁴⁰Ca ratio in seawater during the past 24 million years: evidence fromδ⁴⁴Ca andδ¹⁸O values of Miocene phosphates[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2003, 67(14): 2607-2614.