古地震学:活动断裂强震复发规律的研究

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.8

地学前缘 ›› 2021, Vol. 28 ›› Issue (2): 211-231.DOI: 10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.8

古地震学:活动断裂强震复发规律的研究

刘静¹^,²(), 袁兆德², 徐岳仁³, 邵延秀⁴, 王鹏², 徐晶⁵, 林舟⁶, 韩龙飞¹

1.天津大学表层地球系统科学研究院, 天津 300072
2.中国地震局地质研究所地震动力学国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
3.中国地震局地震预测研究所地震预测重点实验室, 北京 100036
4.中国地震局兰州地震研究所, 甘肃兰州 730000
5.中国地震局第二监测中心, 陕西西安 710054
6.浙江大学地球科学学院, 浙江杭州 310027

收稿日期:2020-04-05 修回日期:2020-06-01 出版日期:2021-03-25 发布日期:2021-04-03
作者简介:刘静(1969—),女,教授,博士生导师,主要从事活动构造、地震地质和古地震领域研究工作。E-mail: earofwood@yahoo.com, liu_zeng@tju.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(U1839203);国家自然科学基金项目(41761144065);国家自然科学基金项目(41802228);国家自然科学基金项目(41902216);地震动力学国家重点实验室自主课题项目(LED2017A01);中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务项目(IGCEA1814)

Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults

LIU Jing¹^,²(), YUAN Zhaode², XU Yueren³, SHAO Yanxiu⁴, WANG Peng², XU Jing⁵, LIN Zhou⁶, HAN Longfei¹

1. Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100029, China
3. Key Laboratory of Earthquake Prediction, Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China
4. Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Earthquake Administration, Lanzhou 730000, China
5. The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi’an 710054, China
6. School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China

Received:2020-04-05 Revised:2020-06-01 Online:2021-03-25 Published:2021-04-03

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

古地震学是活动构造学、地震地质学和构造地貌学相结合的一个分支学科,它以野外工作为基础,以史前地震的发生位置、时间及震级为研究目标,其核心是古地震事件变形的地层和地貌证据。古地震学通过运用沉积地层学、地貌学和构造地质学等研究中常用的方法和手段来识别第四纪沉积中保存的史前强震的证据并对其进行准确年代测定,弥补了历史地震和仪器记录短而大地震原地复发间隔长的局限,获得活动断裂上多次强震的时空重复特征,为评估未来地震发生概率提供基础数据。本文对古地震学的历史、研究前沿和发展趋势进行综述。首先介绍了古地震学的定义、世界和中国古地震研究的发展历史和古地震研究中的基本研究方法,重点对古地震研究的最新进展和前沿领域,如古地震探槽方法的更新、古地震事件识别证据的分级和不确定性量化评估、古地震数据对地震复发间隔和同震位移的重复规律等理论认识的贡献以及基于震害效应的古地震研究等方面的重要研究成果进行了回顾,最后对古地震研究的未来发展趋势进行了展望,认为未来古地震研究中应加强地震事件识别证据的不确定性量化方法应用,在新的测年方法上开展探索,尝试和完善虚拟现实场景下的古地震研究。在中国,尤其像华北这样历史地震文献资料较为丰富的地区,历史地震震害记录与古地震探槽开挖的结合可以拓展震例研究的丰富程度,拓宽研究思路和方法,促进对难点地区活动断裂的古地震和区域地震危险性评价工作。

关键词: 古地震学, 探槽, 古地震事件, 地震复发间隔, 同震位移, 测年方法

Abstract:

Paleoseismology is a subdiciplinary study closely linked to active tectonics, earthquake geology, and tectonic geomorphology. It is field-based, aiming to reconstruct the location, time, and magnitude of paleoseismic events through the detailed documentation of the deformations caused by the events. Paleoseismic studies utilize the methods and means commonly used in the study of sedimentary stratigraphy, geomorphology, and structural geology to identify the evidence of prehistoric strong earthquakes preserved in well-dated Quaternary deposits. The instrumental record of earthquakes is much shorter than their return time on faults. Paleoseismology thus extends the record, providing fundamental data constraints on the spatio-temporal repetition of earthquake ruptures on faults, and facilitates the evaluation of the probability of earthquakes and their hazards. In this paper, we review the history, frontier research results, and future directions of the field. We first introduce the principle of paleoseismology, the history of its developments in the world and in China, and the basic methods used in paleoseismic research. We then summarize recent progress and frontiers in paleoseismic research, including developing new trenching techniques, quantifying the robustness of evidence in event identification, revealing the pattern of paleo-earthquake recurrence and coseismic displacement, and exploring shaking-related effects such as paleo-liquefaction and paleo-landslides. Finally, we briefly outline some future trends in paleoseismology. In future, we should further strengthen the application of quantitative evaluation of the uncertainty in event identification, continuously explore new dating techniques, and experiment with paleoseismology in virtual reality settings. In China, especially in North China where there is a long and precious historical record of earthquakes, innovative approaches combining historical accounts of shaking-related damages and field trenching will be fruitful.

Key words: paleoseismology, trenching, paleoseismic event, recurrence interval, coseismic offset, dating methods

中图分类号:

P315.2
P597

刘静, 袁兆德, 徐岳仁, 邵延秀, 王鹏, 徐晶, 林舟, 韩龙飞. 古地震学:活动断裂强震复发规律的研究[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 211-231.

LIU Jing, YUAN Zhaode, XU Yueren, SHAO Yanxiu, WANG Peng, XU Jing, LIN Zhou, HAN Longfei. Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 211-231.

图/表 10

图1 以揭露同震位移量为目的的组合探槽

Fig.1 Combined trenches for the purpose of exposing coseismic displacement

图2 探槽工作所用到的一系列工具

Fig.2 Trenching tools

图3 走滑断裂古地震识别标志(据文献[68]) a—正断陡坎崩塌形成崩积楔;b—挤压阶区内形成鼓包和小型正花状构造;c—断层尖灭与上端地层挠曲;d—褶皱往往会引起上覆地层的增厚和角度不整合,有时也会伴有次生断裂;e—砂土液化引起的喷砂顺断裂上涌,在地表形成砂锥;f—挤压鼓包和背斜上,近地表含水地层砂土液化形成的刨蚀坑。

Fig.3 Paleoseismic identification marks of strike-slip faults. Adapted from [68].

图4 海原断裂甘盐池拉分盆地(据文献[42]) 盆地周缘不同岩性的冲洪积物汇聚到盆地内部,形成丰富的高分辨率韵律性沉积地层。

Fig.4 The internally draining Salt Lake pull-apart basin on the Haiyuan fault. Adapted from [42].

图5 阿尔金断裂乌尊硝尔盐湖西侧大型探槽

Fig.5 Large trench on the west side of the Wuzunxiaoer Lake along the Altyn Tagh fault

表1 古地震事件证据等级划分标准(据文献[65])

Table 1 Criteria for grading evidence of palaeoseismic events. Adapted from [65].

等级	具体标准
0	地层分辨率较低造成断层上断点具体位置无法判别。
1	断层产生微小位错。上覆地层厚度变化轻微,可能反映了简单的自然沉积厚度变化,而不是地震产生的负地形引起的厚度变化。
2	断层产生中等位错。褶皱幅度小,褶皱层位上覆地层厚度变化适中。
3	上断点位置清晰,断层位错中等。褶皱作用以及褶皱层位上覆地层厚度变化明显,但是褶皱层位之下缺少明确的致因断层或褶皱层位难以准确限定。
4	上断点上覆崩积楔或其他地层厚度变化。褶皱作用明显,且褶皱层位上覆地层厚度划分很大,而且与断层的错动有关。
5	裂缝充填,且充填沉积物是事件层位之后沉积的。能够指示单次沉积事件快速沉积而形成的生长地层,且褶皱和生长地层有致因断层。

图6 圣安德烈斯断裂弗雷泽山探槽点证据等级分析图(据文献[65]) FM1、FM2、FM3、FM4、FM5、FM7和FM9等事件都具有等级4及以上的识别证据;FM6、FM8和FM11等事件缺少4以上的等级证据,但具有较高等级3的证据,且也有一定数量的较低等级证据;FM10仅有一个等级为3的证据。

Fig.6 Combined plot of event indicator quality and number at the Frazier Mountain site along the San Andreas Fault. Adapted from [65].

图7 3种地震复发模型示意图(据文献[2]) a—可变滑动模型;b—均匀滑动模型;c—特征地震模型。

Fig.7 Schematic diagrams of three earthquake recurrence models. Adapted from [2].

图8 砂土液化形成机制示意图(据文献[119])

Fig.8 Schematic diagram of the mechanism of sand liquefaction. Adapted from [119].

图9 美国内华达州干旱地区侵蚀风化残余的临界欲坠岩块(据文献[138])

Fig.9 A precariously balanced rock after the remnant of erosion, in Nevada, US. Adapted from [138].

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古地震学:活动断裂强震复发规律的研究

Paleoseismic investigation of the recurrence behavior of large earthquakes on active faults

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