湖泊沉积对地震动的响应特征与古地震序列重建

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.15

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

湖泊沉积因其对地震动的敏感而被认为是“天然地震仪”,湖泊沉积古地震研究有机会重建长时间尺度的地震(动)序列,对认识区域发震孕震环境和地震复发规律具有潜在优势,是当前古地震学研究的重要方向之一。本文旨在总结现今湖泊沉积古地震研究的主要进展、存在的问题和未来展望。首先通过与传统古地震研究关注的记录对比,扼要介绍了湖泊沉积地震动记录在形成和保存潜力、空间分布以及感应能力等方面的相对优势。然后从过程角度总结了湖泊沉积对地震动响应的主要机制,着重剖析了液化、流化和沉积物再悬浮等不同机制在控制因素、过程特点、响应阈值等方面的异同。再结合湖泊沉积对地震动响应的过程特点和研究现状,总结了不同类型的湖泊沉积地震动记录,对比分析了变形构造、块体运动堆积、浊流堆积和再悬浮沉积等4种类型记录的沉积学和动力学特征;对不同类型记录的古地震学含义和研究手段进行了梳理。再总结了地球物理勘探、结构构造和理化代理指标等现阶段流行的方法在不同尺度湖泊沉积古地震识别和古地震序列重建中的适用性和局限性,后者主要缘于湖泊沉积系统本身的复杂性和外部扰动过程的多样性。最后指出,当前湖泊沉积古地震研究面临的主要问题是缺乏普适性的响应模式、判别依据和甄别准则;今后工作应致力于对湖泊沉积地震动响应过程的深入理解,积极引进数字或试验模拟等理论工具与方法,从二维观察扩展到三维重建;数据解释力求宏观结合微观,由单一指标转向综合性组合式指标,为最终建立普适性的诊断指标和判别依据服务。

关键词: 湖泊沉积, 震积岩, 液化, 流化, 湖泊沉积古地震学

Abstract:

Lake sediment is considered a “natural seismograph” because of its sensitivity to ground motion. Paleoseismic study of lake sediments, an important direction of paleoseismic study, makes it feasible to reconstruct long-term seismic sequences. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the main progress, existing problems, and future prospects of this important research field. The paper first briefly introduces the relative advantages of lacustrine paleoseismic records in terms of formation and preservation potentials, spatial distribution, and sensing ability over the traditional paleoseismic records. It then summarizes the main response mechanism of lake sediments to ground motion from the process viewpoint, with emphasis on the similarities and differences of different mechanisms, such as liquefaction, fluidization, and sediment resuspension, in control factors, process features, and response threshold. Next, combined with process characteristics and research status, the paper summarizes the seismic records of different types of lake sediments, compares and analyzes the sedimentary and dynamic characteristics from four types of records, including deformation structure, mass-transported deposits, turbidity deposits, and resuspension deposits, and discusses the paleoseismic meaning and research methods of different types of records. Lastly, the paper summarizes the applicability of popular research methods, such as geophysical exploration, sedimentary analysis, and physical and chemical proxies, in the identification of paleoearthquakes and reconstruction of paleoseismic sequences of lake sediments on different spatial scales. However, each method has its limitations due to the complexity of the lacustrine system itself and diversity of external disturbances. In the final analysis, it is clear that the main problems in paleoseismic investigation of lake sediments are the lacks of a universal response model, identification bases, and discrimination criteria. In future, we should concentrate our effort toward an in-depth understanding of the response process of lake sediments to ground motion, actively introducing theoretical tools and methods in expanding mathematical or experimental simulation from 2D observation to 3D reconstruction; whilst data interpretation should attempt to combine macro and micro aspects, e.g., changing from single to comprehensive combined indexes, to facilitate the establishment of universal diagnostic indicators and criteria.

Key words: lake sediments, seismite, liquefaction, fluidization, lake-sediment-based paleoseismology

中图分类号:

李德文, 李林林, 马保起, 张健. 湖泊沉积对地震动的响应特征与古地震序列重建[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 232-245.

LI Dewen, LI Linlin, MA Baoqi, ZHANG Jian. Characteristics of lake sediment response to earthquakes and the reconstruction of paleoseismic sequences[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 232-245.

图/表 9

图1 湖泊沉积物对地震动的响应(图b,c据文献[9]修改) a—根据Stokes第二问题方程计算的湖底水层振荡运动速度剖面。纵坐标为无量纲高度ky,其中y为离界面的高度,k为波数;横坐标为无量纲速度,其中U为瞬时速度,Umax为最大轨道速度。b—湖底无黏沉积物的振荡运动。c—示意基底岩石和震源。

Fig.1 Response of lake sediments to seismic shakes ((b), (c) modified after [9])

图2 循环加载期间较高和较低颗粒无黏物质液化行为对比(据文献[9]修改) 图a、b和c为低颗粒浓度无黏沉积物液化试验的应力条件、应变响应和孔隙流体压力变化情况;图d、e和f为高颗粒浓度无黏沉积物液化试验的应力条件、应变响应和孔隙流体压力变化情况。

Fig.2 Comparing the liquefaction behaviors of non-cohesive materials with low (a-c) and high (d-f) particle contents during cyclic loading. Modified after [9].

图3 颗粒浓度、围压以及加载周期数对沉积物液化阈值的影响(数据来自文献[20]) 图中沉积物为石英砂,中值粒径0.4 mm。循环应力均为1.96× 10 5 N / m 2。线a-f代表不同的恒定围压,其大小依次为1.03×105、5.49×104、3.44×104、2.10×104、1.57×104和1.03×104 N/m2;线g和h分别代表最散随机堆砌和最密随机堆砌。

Fig.3 Effects of particle concentration, confining pressure and number of loading cycles on sediment liquefaction threshold.Adapted from [20].

图4 震荡水流中沉积颗粒启动的Shields阈值

Fig.4 Shields diagram of sediments under oscillating flows

图5 孔隙流体运移引起的沉积物流化与淘洗条件(据文献[9]修改) 图中沉积物以20 ℃水中石英球粒代替,粗线为流化阈值Wmf,细线为颗粒沉速W∞。

Fig.5 Conditions of fluidization and elutriation by movement of pore fluid within sediments (modeled as quartz spheres in 20 ℃ water). Modified after [9].

表1 水下重力流主、次要支撑机制(据[53-54]整理)

Table 1 List of dominant and secondary sediment support mechanisms for the different types of underwater gravity flows (after [53-54])

重力流类型	主要机制	次要机制
浊流	紊流	颗粒碰撞(分散压力)、向上逃逸孔隙流体
液态化流	向上逃逸孔隙流体	颗粒碰撞(分散压力)、紊流
颗粒流	颗粒碰撞(分散压力)	紊流、浮力、摩擦力
泥石流	摩擦力、颗粒碰撞(分散压力)	紊流、浮力、黏聚力、向上逃逸孔隙流体

表2 基于湖泊岩心的湖泊沉积古地震学主要测试手段(据文献[40]整理)

Table 2 Summary of the main types of paleoseismologic measurements performed on lake sediement cores. Adapted from [40].

测试项	测试对象	样品特征	测试目的
岩心磁化率和元素面扫描、X成像	全部湖泊岩心	0.1~0.2 mm分辨率,无损	1,2,3,4
毫米级CT扫描	全部湖泊岩心	0.5 mm分辨率,无损	1,2,3,4
地质编录	全部湖泊岩心	连续	1,2,3,4
²¹⁰Pb、¹³⁷Cs测年	典型湖泊岩心(顶部)	约1 cm厚	2
¹⁴C测年	典型湖泊岩心	约1 cm厚	2
古地磁测量	典型湖泊岩心	2 cm厚	2
释光年代学	典型湖泊岩心		2
含水量	典型湖泊岩心	0.25~1 cm厚	3,4
碳分析(TOC/TC/TIC)	典型湖泊岩心	0.25 cm厚	3,4
粒度、粒形分析	典型湖泊岩心	0.25~1 cm厚	3,4
硅藻	典型湖泊岩心	0.25 cm厚	3,4
孢粉	典型湖泊岩心	0.25 cm厚	3,4
显微结构、构造、粒度、粒形	重点层位	5~10 cm厚,连续观察	4
微区元素分析、X射线成像	重点层位	10~100 μm分辨率,无损	4
微米CT扫描	重点层位	样品尺寸≤2.5 cm	4
磁化率各向异性(AMS)	重点层位	2 cm厚	4

表3 湖泊环境常见事件诱发堆积形成过程特征对比

Table 3 Comparision of the characteristics of sedimentary processes of common event-induced deposits under lake environment

过程类型	地貌部位	主要机制	物质运移	持续时间/s
地震动	全域	循环液化	往复	10~10²
洪水	河口附近	悬浮分散	单向	10⁴~10⁶
风暴	浅水区	循环液化	往复	10⁴~10⁶
滑塌	陡坡及其前缘	动力液化	单向	10~10³
浊流	陡坡及其前缘	动力液化	单向	10~10³

图6 典型湖泊沉积变形特征野外观察(左)与数值模拟结果(右)的对比(据文献[47]) a—线性波;b—不对称波纹;c—相干涡旋;d—充分紊流化的碎裂岩。格网边长10 cm。

Fig.6 Comparisions of field observations of deformed lake sediments (left panel) with numerical simulation results (right panel). Adapted from [47].

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