高山峡谷区古洪水事件重建研究进展

doi:10.13745/j.esf.sf.2020.9.13

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

古洪水事件重建是地貌学与环境变化领域的前沿性课题之一。高山峡谷基岩河段是古洪水重建的理想场所,通过系统梳理国内外文献,评述古洪水事件重建研究进展,认为识别古水位标志(palaeo-stage indicators)、系统建立流域尺度洪水综合地貌证据是古洪水重建的前提和基础。而不同类型的古洪水地貌证据中,古洪水滞流沉积物(slackwater deposits,SWD)是最完整的具有确切水位标志指示意义的高水位悬移质沉积物,而其他边滩坝体(bars)是指示洪水路径和水动力条件的低水位标志沉积物。基于这些洪水地貌证据与水位标志物指示,采用多种水力学模型重建古洪水规模。同时采用多种测年方法相互验证建立可靠完整的古洪水事件年代序列。从点到面建立古洪水事件数据库,提出不同成因类型古洪水事件的时空模式,系统揭示特大洪水发生规律及其演化趋势。其中,青藏高原周缘灾难性古洪水事件在形成年代、地貌证据和水文模拟等方面具有鲜明的时空特征与地貌效应,这些对认识全球末次冰期巨型洪水事件具有重要意义。在特定的时空尺度范围内评估极端洪水事件的地表过程与地貌效应,甚至大陆尺度灾难性古洪水研究已经拓展到行星尺度洪水地貌。此外,高山峡谷现代大洪水地貌原型观测对理解古洪水水文过程机制等具有重要的参考价值。

关键词: 高山峡谷, 洪水地貌学, 古洪水水文学, 全新世, 稀遇洪水

Abstract:

Palaeoflood reconstruction is a frontier research topic in the field of geomorphology and environmental change. This paper reviews paleohydrologic techniques and approaches and discusses the hydrological reconstruction and geomorphological effects of palaeoflood events. Paleostage indicators (PSIs) and geomorphologic evidences (e.g., slackwater deposit (SWD)) were identified along the mountain canyon valleys of southwestern China using paleohydrological criteria. Geomorphologic evidences of the palaeoflood events should be systematically investigated at the watershed scale. Palaeoflood SWD, suspended during the high water stage in the slackwater/backwater area, provides a complete sedimentary sequence of PSI; while sand/gravel bars, the bed-load deposits during the flood’s low water stage, and run up deposits above the bar top provide a potential PSI. The magnitude of paleoflood was estimated using multiple one- and two-dimensional hydraulic models in the bedrock reach. Different flood geomorphologic evidences were dated by multiple geochronological methods (e.g.,¹⁴C dating, OSL dating, cosmogenic ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al exposure age dating). Floods of different origins were checked on a watershed scale. The magnitude-frequency relationship and spatiotemporal pattern of the palaeoflood events were established. The formation age, geomorphic evidence, and hydrological model of the catastrophic paleofloods around the Tibetan Plateau show obvious spatiotemporal characteristics and geomorphologic effects, which has significance for understanding global megaflood geomorphology during the last glaciation. The hydrodynamic conditions and geomorphologic effects of the palaeoflood were assessed on a special scale, and flood geomorphology has been extended from a continental to a planetary scale. In addition, modern large flood investigations can serve as a key reference for understanding the palaeoflood sedimentary processes and hydrological parameters.

Key words: mountain canyon valleys, flood geomorphology, palaeoflood hydrology, Holocene, rare flood

中图分类号:

P331.1
P931

郭永强, 葛永刚, 陈晓清, 刘维明, 毛沛妮, 刘涛. 高山峡谷区古洪水事件重建研究进展[J]. 地学前缘, 2021, 28(2): 168-180.

GUO Yongqiang, GE Yonggang, CHEN Xiaoqing, LIU Weiming, MAO Peini, LIU Tao. Progress in the reconstruction of palaeoflood events in the mountain canyon valleys around the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2021, 28(2): 168-180.

图/表 10

图1 古洪水地貌证据和水位标志关系示意图(据文献[36,37])

Fig.1 A schematic diagram showing the correlation between the geomorphic evidences of palaeoflood and palaeostage indictors. Adapted from [36-37].

图2 高山峡谷古洪水沉积、古泥石流扇和古滑坡堆积体地貌位置示意图

Fig.2 Schematic diagram showing the geomorphic positions of palaeoflood deposits, debris flow fans and landslide deposits in a mountain canyon valley

图3 岷江上游河谷古洪水砂坝沉积和古洪水滞流沉积物被古崩塌、滑坡、泥石流堆积体掩埋

Fig.3 Examples of palaeoflood sand bars and SWD covered by debris flow and landslide deposits in the upper Minjiang River valley

图4 古洪水地貌证据的二维模型模拟结果(据文献[46])

Fig.4 Results of sedimention and river hydraulic-2D(SRH-2D) modeling of palaeoflood deposits and hydrodynamic condition. Adapted from [46].

图5 岷江上游叠溪段滑坡坝与近坝处河道地貌景观

Fig.5 Geomorphic landscape of ancient landslide-dammed lake in the Diexi reach of the upper Minjiang River

图6 岷江上游河道纵剖面变化(据文献[51])

Fig.6 The longitudinal profile of the upper Minjiang River. Adapted from [51].

图7 全球不同地质载体的古洪水档案记录(据文献[7,57])

Fig.7 Palaeoflood records of different geological carriers around the world. Adapted from [7,57].

图8 洪水涡流地貌特征以及大型边滩坝沉积与水位关系图(据文献[55,60]修改)

Fig.8 Geomorphic feature of eddy bar and the spatial relationships between large scale bar and PSIs during the catastrophic palaeofloods. Modified after [55,60].

图9 溃决洪水沉积物(outburst floods deposits,OFD)砂砾石坝地层沉积特征 a—岷江上游砂砾石坝OFD;b,c—易贡砾石坝OFD;d—雅江砂坝OFD。

Fig.9 Sedimentary characteristics of outburst flood deposits (OFD) in the upper Minjiang and Yarlung-Tsangpo River valley

图10 基于不同类型洪水地貌证据的灾难性古洪水重建(据文献[61])

Fig.10 Catastrophic palaeoflood reconstruction based on different geomorphic evidences. Adapted from [61].

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